Fish and Fisheries in Estuaries

7 Chapter 8Table 8.1 Estuarine hazards and risks typology (expanded from Elliott et al...Table 8.2 Main activities in the coastal and marine environment and their r...Table 8.3 Examples of Exogenic Unmanaged Pressures (ExUP) and their relevan...Table 8.4 Examples of Endogenic Managed Pressures (EnMP) and their relevanc...Table 8.5 Examples of contaminants and effects at different levels of organ...Table 8.7 Potential estuarine biodiversity offset activities (modified and ...Table 8.8 Potential metrics of equivalency for habitats and species biodive...Table 8.9 Examples of offset ratios employed at a global level (Elliott et ...Table 8.10 Examples of modelling approaches to address ecological concerns ...Table 8.11 Response of fish faunal components during 1996–2004 to Essential...Table 8.12 Mechanisms of recovery and for recovery of estuaries and their h...

8 Chapter 9Table 9.1 Fishery yields (tonnes km−2) reported from selected estuaries in differ...Table 9.2 Summary of fishing activities and their impacts in Australian estuaries...Table 9.3 List of fish species in European estuaries modified from Nicolas et al....Table 9.4 Biological production and contribution of the marine estuarine‐dependen...Table 9.5 Contribution of estuarine‐dependent species to the fisheries along the ...Table 9.6 Importance of the different estuarine‐dependent species in four French ...Table 9.7 Inter‐annual comparison of the percentage importance of estuarine‐depen...Table 9.8 Fish production in the coastal lagoonal systems of the Bay of Cádiz, Sp...Table 9.9 Fisheries production per year and by hectare in lagoons of the Ebro Del...Table 9.10 Data on the biological production of Anguilla anguilla in Europe (afte...Table 9.11 Yields (tonnes yr−1) of Anguilla anguilla in European countries during...Table 9.12 Glass eel (Spain) and elver (France) yields from various estuaries and...Table 9.13 Annual Anguilla anguilla sub‐adult yields from aquatic systems in Fran...Table 9.14 Biological production of Platichthys flesus in northern European estua...Table 9.15 Fisheries yields (tonnes yr−1) of Osmerus eperlanus in Europe, mainly ...Table 9.16 Biological production of Pleuronectes platessa in northern European es...Table 9.17 Biological production of Solea solea in northern European estuaries.Table 9.18 Biological production of Pomatoschistus minutus in European estuaries.Table 9.19 Biological production of Pomatoschistus microps in European estuaries.

9 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Table showing the ecological and functional effects that climate chang...Table 10.2 Potential fishery benefits derived from the implementation of no‐take ...Table 10.3 Estimates of the relative importance of major fish conservation issues...

10 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Comparison of selected estuaries and basic conditions that might favor...Table 11.2 Characteristics of non‐native fishes established in multiple estuaries...

11 Chapter 12Table 12.1 Questions to be addressed in defining and designing an integrated estu...Table 12.2 Underlying themes in estuarine management (modified and expanded from ...Table 12.3 To be successful, sustainable management measures or responses to chan...Table 12.4 The required properties of indicators and monitoring parameters for su...Table 12.5 Types of monitoring and their relevance to estuarine fishes and fisher...Table 12.6 Conditions imposed within a Consent (Licence/authorization/permit) for...Table 12.7 The US System – National Pollutant Discharge Elimination Scheme (NPDES...Table 12.8 Other US Statutory Instruments which affect authorisations for deleter...Table 12.9 An estuarine classification scheme (produced by the Environment and He...Table 12.10 National values, associated definitions and management aspects for Ne...Table 12.11 Management of fisheries in various Australian states and territories.Table 12.12 Relevant EU sectoral directives and their impact on estuaries (update...Table 12.13 Relevant EU Holistic/Ecosystem Directives and their impact on estuari...Table 12.14 Candidate fish metrics for UK WFD Implementation (adapted from Coates...Table 12.15 Guilds of fish species listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats and Spec...Table 12.16 Estuarine Resident (ES) species listed in Annex II of the EU Habitats...Table 12.17 The main laws and regulations controlling the threats to the fish and...Table 12.18 Organisations relevant to the Humber Estuary, for the management of f...

12 Chapter 13Table 13.1 Estuarine hazards and risks typology and their relevance to estuarine ...Table 13.2 Representative reproductive characteristics of estuarine fishes by bro...Table 13.3 The percentage contribution of fish species to each trophic category i...Table 13.4 Fish‐based indices used in ecological quality assessments of estuaries...Table 13.5 Fishery yields (tonnes km−2) reported from selected estuaries in diffe...Table 13.6 Estimates of the relative importance of major fish conservation issues...Table 13.7 High level priorities for estuarine science into policyTable 13.8 Recommendations for improved monitoring, assessment and reporting of e...Table 13.9 The adopted targets for UN sustainable development goals (SDG14).Table 13.10 Questions needing addressing by research and a recipe leading to inte...

13 Appendix ATable A.1 Metrics computed from the main video techniques. The list of metrics ma...Table A.2 Personnel and material cost‐effectiveness, efficiency and impact on fis...Table A.3 Comparison of the effectiveness, safety, and feasibility of eDNA method...Table A.4 Types of monitoring (from Elliott 2011).Table A.5 Examples of survey design.

14 Appendix BTable B.1 The required properties of biological indicators (biomonitors) and moni...Table B.2 Concepts and techniques for the interpretation of fish community data...Table B.3 Examples of use of models in relation to ecosystem healthTable B.4 The type and examples of models for determining ecosystem components an...

1 Chapter 1 Figure 1.1 Diagrammatic representation of the gradual change in the level of... Figure 1.2 Interactions between selected environmental and fish variables in... Figure 1.3 Biotic and abiotic factors influencing fish assemblage compositio... Figure 1.4 Diagram showing some of the potential environmental modifications... Figure 1.5 Diagrammatic representation of the hierarchical responses of fish... Figure 1.6 Conceptual model of the environmental, biological and anthropogen...

2 Chapter 2 Figure 2.1 Map of South Africa indicating the three biogeographic provinces,... Figure 2.2 nMDS ordinations of the ichthyofauna of South African estuaries b... Figure 2.3 South African estuarine fish faunal groupings based on environmen... Figure 2.4 Map showing the location of the 23 European estuaries for which f... Figure 2.5 nMDS ordination of fish taxa reported in 23 European estuaries (a... Figure 2.6 Summary of importance of EUFG guilds (MS = marine straggler, MEO ... Figure 2.7 Representation by three EUFG categories (freshwater, diadromous a... Figure 2.8 nMDS plot of the estuarine fish assemblage data from the Eastern ... Figure 2.9 Ordinations (nMDS) derived from (a) presence/absence and (b) abun... Figure 2.10 Life cycle guilds of estuary‐associated fishes, based on the rev... Figure 2.11 Examples of fish species from each Feeding Mode Functional Group...

3 Chapter 3 Figure 3.1 All fishes, whether estuarine transients or residents, have compl... Figure 3.2 Generalised life history of iteroparous and semelparous anadromou... Figure 3.3 Sources of larvae transported from several locations in the weste... Figure 3.4 Eye migration during metamorphosis of settlement‐stage Paralichth... Figure 3.5 Processes and cues supporting larval ingress into estuaries. (a) ... Figure 3.6 Illustration of ontogenetic diet shifts in early‐life‐history sta... Figure 3.7 Characterisation of degree of estuary dependence for representati... Figure 3.8 Diagrammatic representation of the life cycle and proposed recrui... Figure 3.9 Phenology of ingress of larvae of southern species in a represent... Figure 3.10 Ontogeny of swimming performance, critical swimming speeds (cm s... Figure 3.11 Estuarine Turbidity Maximum region in Chesapeake Bay showing con... Figure 3.12 Relative lengths of prey (%) and actual lengths of prey (y‐axis)... Figure 3.13 Prey size and niche breadth (defined here with respect to variab... Figure 3.14 Growth rates (mean otolith increment widths, open circles) of la... Figure 3.15 Morone saxatilis young‐of‐the‐year (YOY) from Chesapeake Bay (US... Figure 3.16 (a) Generalised stock–recruitment relationships illustrating the... Figure 3.17 Stock and recruitment models for the sciaenid Micropogonias undu... Figure 3.18 Modified Ricker stock–recruitment model for Morone saxatilis, Ch... Figure 3.19 Recruitment time series for Sander lucioperca in the Archipelago... Figure 3.20 Modelled hindcasts of Paralichthys lethostigma recruitments (JAI... Figure 3.21 Relationship between freshwater flow in spring and summer months... Figure 3.22 Recruitment of Sprattus sprattus in the Baltic Sea showing the f... Figure 3.23 Weight‐specific growth coefficient (G), mortality coefficient (M...