Paul Robbins - Environment and Society

3 Title page Environment and Society A Critical Introduction Third Edition Paul Robbins, John G. Hintz, and Sarah A. Moore

4 Copyright

5 List of Figures

6 List of Tables

7 List of Boxes

8 Acknowledgments

9 About the Companion Website

10 1 Introduction: The View from a Human-Made Wild What is This Book?The Authors’ Points of View

11 Part I Approaches and Perspectives 2 Population and Scarcity A Booming China or a Busting One?The Problem of Exponential GrowthPopulation, Development, and Environment ImpactThe Other Side of the Coin: Population and InnovationLimits to Population: An Effect Rather than a Cause?Thinking with Population 3 Markets and Commodities The BetManaging Environmental Bads: The Coase TheoremMarket FailureMarket-Based Solutions to Environmental ProblemsBeyond Market Failure: Gaps between Nature and EconomyThinking with Markets 4 Institutions and “The Commons” Controlling Carbon?The Prisoner’s DilemmaThe Tragedy of the CommonsThe Evidence and Logic of Collective ActionCrafting Sustainable Environmental InstitutionsAre All Commoners Equal? Does Scale Matter?Thinking with Institutions 5 Environmental Ethics The Price of Cheap MeatImproving Nature: From Biblical Tradition to John LockeGifford Pinchot vs. John Muir in Yosemite, CaliforniaAldo Leopold and “The Land Ethic”Liberation for Animals!CAFOs and Climate Change: Now that You Know, What Should You Do?Holism and Other PitfallsThinking with Ethics 6 Risks and Technology The Bt Cotton RevolutionEnvironments as HazardThe Problem of Risk PerceptionRisk as CultureBeyond Risk: The Political Economy of HazardsThinking with Risk and Technology 7 Political Economy The Contradictions of COVID-19Labor, Accumulation, and CrisisProduction of NatureGlobal Capitalism and the Ecology of Uneven DevelopmentSocial Reproduction and NatureEnvironments and EconomismThinking with Political Economy 8 Social Construction of Nature The Blank Spot on the MapSo You Say It’s “Natural?”Environmental DiscourseThe Limits of Constructivism: Science, Relativism, Thinking with Construction 9 Feminism and the Environment Gender and EnvironmentFrom Earth as Woman to EcofeminismFeminist Approaches to Economies and NatureFeminist Approaches to Knowledge and the EnvironmentThinking with Feminism and the Environment 10 Racialized Environments Structural Environmental RacismEnvironmental JusticeSettler ColonialismWhiteness and NatureThinking with Racialized Environments

12 Part II Objects of Concern 11 Carbon Dioxide Stuck in Pittsburgh TrafficA Short History of CO2Institutions: Climate Free-Riders and Carbon CooperationMarkets: Trading More Gases, Buying Less CarbonPolitical Economy: Who Killed the Atmosphere?The Carbon Puzzle 12 Trees Chained to a Tree in Berkeley, CaliforniaA Short History of TreesPopulation and Markets: The Forest Transition TheoryPolitical Economy: Accumulation and DeforestationGender, Trees, and Power: Feminist Insights into ForestsEthics, Justice, and Equity: Should Trees Have Standing?The Tree Puzzle 13 Wolves Wolves, Be Wary Where You TreadA Short History of WolvesEthics: Rewilding and WolvesInstitutions: Stakeholder ManagementFeminism: Of Wolves and MasculinityThe Wolf Puzzle 14 Uranium Promise and Peril in Post-Nuclear WorldsA Short History of UraniumRisk and Hazards: Debating the Fate of High-Level Radioactive WasteRace: Environmental Justice and the Navajo NationSocial Construction: Discourses at Work in AustraliaThe Uranium Puzzle 15 Tuna Big Trouble for Big TunaA Short History of TunaMarkets and Commodities: Eco-Labels to the Rescue?Political Economy: Re-regulating Fishery EconomiesEthics: Saving Animals, Conserving SpeciesThe Tuna Puzzle 16 Lawns How Much Do People Love Lawns?A Short History of LawnsRisk and Chemical Decision-MakingSocial Construction: Good Lawns Mean Good PeoplePolitical Economy: The Chemical Tail Wags the Turfgrass DogThe Lawn Puzzle 17 Bottled Water A Tale of Two BottlesA Short History of Bottled WaterPopulation: Bottling for Scarcity?Risk and Technology: Health and Safety in a Bottle?Political Economy: Manufacturing Demand on an Enclosed CommonsRacialized Environments: The Burden of Bottled Water in the United StatesThe Bottled Water Puzzle 18 French Fries Getting Your French Fry FixA Short History of the FryFeminist Approaches: The Body Politics of French FriesPolitical Economy and Racialized Environments: Have it Your Way?Ethics: Protecting or Engineering Potato Heritage?The French Fry Puzzle 19 E-Waste Digital DividesA Short History of E-WasteE-Waste and Markets: From Externality to CommodityThe Political Economy of E-WasteE-Waste and Racialized EnvironmentsThe E-Waste Puzzle

13 Glossary

14 Index

15 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 11.1 Sandhill cranes of the Platte River. A half million...1.2 Heck Cattle, introduced...

2 Chapter 22.1 Hypothesized demographic trends in a Malthusian...2.2 World population since 1750. Rapid increases in...2.3 Global population growth rates....2.4 Population growth rates worldwide by country.2.5 The demographic transition model. In theory, falling death...2.6 National fertility and female literacy rates around the...

3 Chapter 33.1 Environmental scarcity drives markets. Shell gas station...3.2 The market response model. In theory, scarcity of...3.3 Regulation versus cap and trade. Both approaches...

4 Chapter 44.1 The Prisoner’s Dilemma in game-theoretical terms. The...4.2 Irrigation systems are labyrinths of sluices, canals, and...4.3 A woman tending her herd in India. In many parts of...

5 Chapter 55.1 A sow’s “farrowing crate,” where she will remain for...5.2 (a + b) Hetch Hetchy Valley, undammed before 1914 (left),...

6 Chapter 66.1 Voluntary/Involuntary–Common/Catastrophic: A matrix...6.2 Map of tribal lands and superfund sites.

7 Chapter 77.1 The secret of surplus value, in a nutshell. By the...7.2 Schematic representation of the possible contradictions...

8 Chapter 88.1 Though Pacific Northwest forest is “...8.2 Pollen evidence from Morocco over 14,000 years....8.3 John Gast, “American Progress,” 1872. Lady...

9 Chapter 99.1 Percentage female interns, staff, and boards...9.2 The diverse economies iceberg, featured on the website...9.3 An industrial worker with Phossy Jaw.9.4 BabyLegs (below) compared to a more traditional...

10 Chapter 1010.1 Predicted surface of child blood lead level and ward-specific...10.2 Correlations of class and race with plumbing poverty in...10.3 Hazardous waste and military facilities in Tooele County.

11 Chapter 1111.1 Carbon on Earth. A Gt is a gigaton, or a billion tons....11.2 The Keeling curve: Atmospheric concentrations of...11.3 Atmospheric concentration of carbon. Over the past thousand...11.4 Global average temperatures, sea level, and snow cover. Over...11.5 Cartogram of carbon emissions. In this map, countries are...11.6 The strange logic of carbon offsets.

12 Chapter 1212.1 Sequoia sempervirens, the genus in the cypress...12.2 Global deforestation rates.12.3 Forest cover in France from 1500 to...

13 Chapter 1313.1 The gray wolf.13.2 World map of countries with known gray wolf populations in 13.3 Estimated range of gray wolves in the contiguous United States.13.4 Wolf management zones in Minnesota.13.5 An early twentieth-century government wolf trapper.

14 Chapter 1414.1 The nuclear fuel chain.14.2 World uranium production, 14.3 Colonial division of labor in the Navajo uranium mines....14.4 The Ranger Uranium mine...