Douglas M. Marshall - UAS Integration into Civil Airspace

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Hardback: 9781118339497 ePDF: 9781118536599 ePub: 9781118536582 oBook: 9781118536575

Cover image: © windjunkie/Getty images

Cover design by Wiley

Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra software servives Pvt Ltd., Pondicherry, India

1 Cover

2 Series page

3 Title page

4 Copyright

5 Preface

6 Aerospace Series Preface

7 Acknowledgements

8 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

9 1 Background IntroductionSetting the Stage for Integration of Remotely Piloted Aircraft into Non-segregated AirspaceThe Law of the Sea and the Law of the AirA Brief History of Aviation RegulationsInternational Civil Aviation RegulationsThe Chicago Convention and the International Civil Aviation OrganizationConclusionReferences

10 2 UAS Airspace Integration in the European Union Regulations, Opinions, DecisionsImplementing OrganizationsEurocontrolConclusionReferences

11 3 ICAO ICAO Model UAS RegulationsAdvisory CircularsDRAFT Canada AC 922-001, RPAS Safety AssuranceUTM GuidanceICAO RPAS Concept of OperationsICAO U-AID GuidanceThe ICAO UAS ToolkitRPAS Manual (Doc.) 10019 1 stEditionConclusionReferences

12 4 UAS Airspace Integration in the United States The FAA Modernization and Reform Act of 2012 (Hereafter FMRA), Public Law 112-95, Title III – Safety, Subtitle B – Unmanned Aircraft SystemsThe FAA Extension, Safety, and Security Act of 2016 Title II, Subtitle B-UAS Safety (Pub. L. 114-190)The FAA Reauthorization Act of 2018 (Pub. L. 115-254)The Response from the FAA and NASAStatus of UTM TodayUTM VisionParticipationPerformance AuthorizationsAirspace AuthorizationRecent Developments in UAM/AAMConclusionReferences

13 5 Global Airspace Integration Activities AustraliaBrazilCanadaChinaFranceGermanyIrelandItalyJapanMexicoNetherlandsNew ZealandNorwaySingaporeSouth AfricaSwedenUnited KingdomConclusionReferences

14 6 The Role of Standards ConclusionReferences

15 7 The Technology ConclusionReferences

16 8 Cybersecurity and Cyber Resilience Describing the ThreatICAOIATFGlobal Resilient Aviation Network Concept of Operations – Trust FrameworkICAO Council and Assembly DocumentsDeclaration on Cybersecurity in Civil Aviation (Dubai, 2017)ConclusionReferences

17 Index

18 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 Drones in flight in downtown Reno, Nevada,...Figure 4.2 UTM system managing various commercial,...Figure 4.3 Future airspace management domains to...Figure 4.4 FAA Next Gen Notional UTM Architecture...Figure 4.5 UTM Ecosystem (FAA website). A full-colour...Figure 4.6 UPP High-level Operational Concept...

1 Cover

2 series page

3 Title page

4 Copyright

5 Table of Contents

6 Preface

7 Aerospace Series Preface

8 Acknowledgements

9 List of Acronyms and Abbreviations

10 Begin Reading

11 Index

12 End User License Agreement

1 i

2 ii

3 iii

4 iv

5 v

6 vi

7 vi

8 vii

9 viii

10 ix

11 x

12 xi

13 xii

14 xiii

15 xiv

16 xv

17 xvi

18 xvii

19 xviii

20 xix

21 xx

22 xxi

23 xxii

24 xxiii

25 xxiv

26 xxv

27 xxvi

28 1

29 2

30 3

31 4

32 5

33 6

34 7

35 8

36 9

37 10

38 11

39 12

40 13

41 14

42 15

43 16

44 17

45 18

46 19

47 20

48 21

49 22

50 23

51 24

52 25

53 26

54 27

55 28

56 29

57 30

58 31

59 32

60 33

61 34

62 35

63 36

64 37

65 38

66 39

67 40

68 41

69 42

70 43

71 44

72 45

73 46

74 47

75 48

76 49

77 50

78 51

79 52

80 53

81 54

82 55

83 56

84 57

85 58

86 59

87 60

88 61

89 62

90 63

91 64

92 65

93 66

94 67

95 68

96 69

97 70

98 71

99 72

100 73

101 74

102 75

103 76

104 77

105 78

106 79

107 80

108 81

109 82

110 83

111 84

112 85

113 86

114 87

115 88

116 89

117 90

118 91

119 92

120 93

121 94

122 95

123 96

124 97

125 98

126 99

127 100

128 101

129 102

130 103

131 104

132 105

133 106

134 107

135 108

136 109

137 110

138 111

139 112

140 113

141 114

142 115

143 116

144 117

145 118

146 119

147 120

148 121

149 122

150 123

151 124

152 125

153 126

154 127

155 128

156 129

157 130

158 131

159 132

160 133

161 134

162 135

163 136

164 137

165 138

166 139

167 140

168 141

169 142

170 143

171 144

172 145

173 146

174 147

175 148

176 149

177 150

178 151

179 152

180 153

181 154

182 155

183 156

184 157

185 158

186 159

187 160

188 161

189 162

190 163

191 164

192 165

193 166

194 167

195 168

196 169

197 170

198 171

199 172

200 173

201 174

202 175

203 176

204 177

205 178

206 179

207 180

208 181

In early 2009 Fred Smith, founder, chairman and CEO of the venerable cargo airline, FedEx, declared in an interview that he would like to switch the FedEx fleet to unmanned aircraft as soon as possible, but would have to wait for the FAA to sort out the rules for national airspace integration. In his view, unmanned cargo freighters offer many advantages for his company, predicting that they would be safer, cheaper, and would boast a greater capacity. The result would be a reduction of airfreight prices from ten times the cost of surface-carried freight to a factor of two, with all the speed advantages of air over ground or ocean transportation. Smith pointed out that the modern version of the Boeing 777 is already capable of being operated unmanned, in that the aircraft can take off, fly, navigate, and land without human intervention (and could even be equipped with an autonomous ground guidance system so the aircraft can be “driven” around an airport environment without running into or over someone or something). The same is true of most of the newest passenger aircraft types. The cost savings would derive from the fact that even a single-pilot aircraft requires a completely different design, with radically different economics and logistics. Smith might characterize the economic opportunity as “unused capacity,” or what can be removed from the airplane that would allow an increased load. Systems such as oxygen, pressurization system, lavatories, extra seats, gallies, all intended for the comfort of the crew, can be eliminated and replaced with revenue-generating non-breathing cargo. The concept is not a pipe dream. Northrop Grumman’s Global Hawk reconnaissance aircraft, which is the size of a small business jet, has been flying entirely autonomous missions for several years, meaning that the aircraft is capable of taxing to the runway, taking off, executing its flight plan, and landing at its intended destination without any human intervention.