Werner Seebacher - Management Accounting

4.6. Example 6: Deferred Charges

4.7. Example 7: Deferred Income

4.8. Example 8: Provision

4.9. Example 9: Asset Disposal

4.10. Example 10: Goods on Own Account

5. Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet

5.1. Profit Plan

5.1.1. Profit Plan and Profit/Loss Account

5.1.2. Profit Plan and Contribution Margin Costing

5.1.3. Profit Plan – Internal and External Accounting

5.2. Finance Plan

5.2.1. Result after Tax

5.2.2. Depreciation

5.2.3. Provisions

5.2.4. Provisions for Taxation

5.2.5. Reserves

5.2.6. Goods on Own Account (Capitalized)

5.2.7. Receivables from Trade

5.2.8. Liabilities from Trade

5.2.9. Inventory

5.2.10. Other Receivables

5.2.11. Other Liabilities

5.2.12. Deferred Charges

5.2.13. Deferred Income

5.2.14. Investments

5.2.15. Long-Term Liabilities | Loans | Credits

5.2.16. Capital Increase

5.2.17. Dividends | Distributions

5.2.18. Surplus of Cash | Demand for Cash

5.2.19. Summary of the Items | Mathematical Signs in the Finance Plan

5.3. Budgeted Balance Sheet

5.4. Connections

5.4.1. Profit Plan | Finance Plan – Connection

5.4.2. Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet – Connection

5.4.3. The Big Picture – The Overall Context

6. Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet - Numerical Examples

6.1. Example 1: Foundation of an Enterprise

6.2. Example 2: Investment

6.3. Example 3: Financing

6.4. Example 4: Investment and Financing

6.5. Example 5: Purchase of Goods, Use of Goods, Turnover/Sales

6.6. Example 6: Deferred Charges

6.7. Example 7: Deferred Income

6.8. Example 8: Provisions

6.9. Example 9: Asset Disposal

6.10. Example 10: Goods on Own Account

7. Ratios

7.1. Ratios Balance Sheet | Budgeted Balance Sheet

7.2. Ratios Profit | Profit Plan

7.2.1. Minimum Turnover

7.2.2. Volume Range

7.2.3. Price Range

7.2.4. Volume Range | Price Range - Connection

7.2.5. Minimum Turnover (price-related)

7.3. Ratios Liquidity | Finance Plan

7.4. Ratios Profit | Profit Plan – Liquidity | Finance Plan

7.4.1. Turnover Rate – Receivables from Trade

7.4.2. Turnover Rate – Liabilities from Trade

7.5. Ratios Profit | Profit Plan – Balance Sheet | Budgeted Balance Sheet

7.5.1. Return on Investment | ROI

7.5.2. Return on Equity | ROE

7.5.3. Return on Sales | ROS

Application

Author

Method

List of Relevant Literature

Index of Figures

1. Introduction

“Management Accounting.” is based on the idea that all accounting/controlling considerations in an enterprise are always focused on the Big Picture – the comprehensive overview or comprehensive presentation of these business activities as a whole. All business activities are always analyzed and evaluated with reference to this overall connection.

For this reason there are substantial differences in “Management Accounting.” compared to classical textbooks on accounting/controlling or to standard literature in the field of accounting/controlling.

In order to give a total, general overview of the connections in accounting – independent of national and international trade and tax laws – neither references to legal texts are given nor paragraphs or legal regulations are mentioned.

Concentrating on the connections, certain specific parts which are of importance to specialists in accounting are excluded and avoided on purpose, because for newcomers in accounting they usually produce fear of approach.

In this context, in “Management Accounting.”, a kind of presentation has been chosen to show the connections between balance sheet and profit/loss account, so that only the final effects of economic activities are considered directly in balance sheet and profit/loss account, whereas the usual presentation of detailed account items and entry formulas is completely avoided.

In order to take the aspect of convergence in accounting/controlling into account, “Management Accounting.” integrates central elements of accounting. Internal and external accounting are connected as well as past and future, planned and current data.

For this reason accounting must be seen in a broader sense – referring to balance sheet, profit/loss account, results statement, contribution margin costing as well as to corporate planning, profit plan, finance plan, budgeted balance sheet, key figures – and should not be understood as accounting in the narrower sense of bookkeeping (and balancing).

It is of utmost importance for putting “Management Accounting.” into the correct groups of contents and topics that the reader is fully aware of the fact that “Management Accounting.” does not deal with bookkeeping or balancing but with the presentation of contents of and connections between balance sheet, profit/loss account, profit plan, finance plan and budgeted balance sheet.

A balance has been searched for between communicating a total overview, integrating the decisive elements of accounting/controlling and at the same time discharging details.

The approach that is used in “Management Accounting.” focuses on two central connections which form the basic structure of presenting the economic activities in accounting/controlling of an enterprise:

The first of these two connections is the basic connection between Balance Sheet and Profit/Loss Account.

The second decisive connection is based on the interaction of the components result (profit or loss respectively), liquidity (solvency) and balance sheet which – with a view to the future – are presented through the elements Profit Plan, Finance Plan and Budgeted Balance Sheet.

Combining the two groups of topics Balance Sheet | Profit/Loss Account and Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet, the circle of the effects of economic activities of an enterprise closes. The connection of accounting/controlling as a whole opens up.

The two central groups of topics which are presented in “Management Accounting.” – Balance Sheet | Profit/Loss Account and Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet meet exactly at the interface between past, current and future situation:

The group of topics: Balance Sheet | Profit/Loss Account deals with the past or the current situation of the enterprise.

The group of topics: Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet deals with the future development of the enterprise.

The basic elements which are used remain the same in both groups of topics, also the contents and connections. What changes is the way they are considered and the terms which are used.

The linking of the elements Balance Sheet | Profit/Loss Account | Profit Plan | Finance Plan | Budgeted Balance Sheet for achieving the Big Picture, the total overall accounting/controlling context, will be presented in the directly following chapter.

2. Survey of the Contents

“Management Accounting.” covers the range: