Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century

18 10 Ethical and Legal Considerations10.1 Introduction10.2 State Authority for Fatality Management10.3 Federal Medicolegal Death Investigations10.3.1 Assassination of the President or Other Federal Officials10.4 Legislatively Mandated Scientific Identification10.5 Missing Persons Acts and Presumptive Deaths10.6 Rights of the Dead10.7 Rights of Others in the Dead10.8 Constitutional Considerations in Responding to Disasters10.9 Emergency Powers10.10 Stafford Act10.11 Federal Executive Administration10.12 State and Local Executive Administration10.13 Military Assistance10.14 Transportation Incidents10.15 Terrorist Incidents10.16 Infectious Epidemics10.17 National Emergency Family Registry and Locator System/National Call Center10.18 International Legal Considerations in DVI10.18.1 The US Department of State10.18.2 Nation-specific Laws10.18.3 Obligation to Identify Victims10.18.4 International Disaster Response Law10.18.5 International Treaties10.18.6 International Humanitarian Law10.18.7 International Human Rights Law10.18.8 Missing and Disappeared Treaties10.18.9 International Resources10.18.10 Aviation and Maritime Deaths10.18.11 Presumed Deaths10.18.12 Customs10.18.13 Telecommunications10.18.14 International Framework for Risk Reduction10.19 Ethical Considerations in DVI10.19.1 Community Resilience10.19.2 Equal Treatment10.19.3 Respectful Treatment of the Remains10.19.4 Respect for the Beliefs of the Deceased10.19.5 Respect for Loved Ones10.19.6 Respectful Communications10.19.7 Haitian Example [184–186]10.20 ConclusionReferences

19 11 DVI in the Changing Twenty-first Century11.1 Introduction11.2 Trend Analysis11.2.1 Megatrend #1: Population Shift and Megacity Growth11.2.2 Megatrend #2: Change in Disaster Types that Result in MFIs11.2.3 Megatrend #3: Massive Technological Advancement11.2.4 Megatrend #4: Social Media and Social Expectations11.2.5 Megatrend #5: The Specialization of Ethics11.2.6 Megatrend #6: A New Dynamic Disaster Management System11.2.7 Megatrend #7: A New DVI Model11.2.8 Megatrend #8: Healthcare and the National and International Privatization of Medicine11.3 Forcefield Analysis11.3.1 Drivers of Change: Regulation and Legal Factors11.3.2 Drivers and Constrainers of Change: Politics11.3.3 Constrainers of Change11.3.4 A Neutral Context to Gain Insight regarding Driving and Constraining Forces11.4 DVI Futures in the Twenty-first Century11.4.1 The Quantum Forensics World11.4.2 The Modern Crowners World11.4.3 The Launch-Resistant Forensics World11.4.4 The Hey Buddy Innovator World11.5 Future DVI Strategy Performance11.5.1 DVI Strategies11.5.2 Stress-Testing Strategies Against DVI Futures11.6 SWOT Analysis11.6.1 Strengths11.6.2 Weaknesses11.6.3 Opportunities11.6.4 Threats11.7 Actionable Recommendations11.7.1 Refresh the ME/C Mission Statement11.7.2 Create an Enduring DVI Vision11.7.3 Envision a Future Smart Independent Regional Forensic Science System and Move Toward Implementing This Model11.7.4 Develop Alternate DVI Standards11.8 Closing ThoughtsReferences

20 Index

21 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 World population growth (billions)[5].Figure 2.2 Disaster relief appropriations...

2 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 The mass fatality response framework...

3 Chapter 5Figure 5.1 Operational workflow in the DVI...

4 Chapter 6Figure 6.1 Surfaces of a tooth.Figure 6.2 Frequency of a Restoration Type on a Maxillary Right First Molar.Figure 6.3 Distribution of Restorations and Extractions.Figure 6.4 Examples of explainable discrepancies showing a...Figure 6.5 An example of a human identification by dental...Figure 6.6 Examples of written and digital dental records.Figure 6.7 An example of the UDIM postmortem dental...Figure 6.8 Examples of Fluorescence properties of...Figure 6.9 Examples of digital intraoral sensors...Figure 6.10 An example of the use of intraoral...Figure 6.11 An example of the use of study casts...Figure 6.12 An example of the use of denture label...Figure 6.13 An example of the use of the London...Figure 6.14 CAPMI 3 Opening Screen (Courtesy of Richard Fioxett).Figure 6.15 CAPMI 4 Screens showing comparison...Figure 6.16 WinID3 Showing Antemortem and Postmortem Data Entry.Figure 6.17 WinID3 Comparison Options.Figure 6.18 WinID Comparison Screens.Figure 6.19 WinID for the Web.Figure 6.20 UDIM.Figure 6.21 UDIM Comparison Screen.Figure 6.22 PLASS DVI Screens.Figure 6.23 PLASS DVI Comparison Screen.Figure 6.24 Odon to Search.

5 Chapter 7Figure 7.1 Example deployable PM Fingerprinting DVI kit.Figure 7.2 Photograph of a finger that has been injected...Figure 7.3 Example of degloved skin being printed by...Figure 7.4 Ink prints of a macerated hand before...Figure 7.5 Example of burned epidermis following a...Figure 7.6 Before and after images of a mummified...Figure 7.7 Use of a digital scanning platform to quickly print PM remains.

6 Chapter 9Figure 9.1 Victim accounting...Figure 9.2 An example of the antemortem main menu...Figure 9.3 An example of the postmortem main menu...

7 Chapter 11Figure 11.1 Dynamic disaster management system (Gavin 2019)....Figure 11.2 A neutral context to gain...Figure 11.3 DVI areas of uncertainty.Figure 11.4 DVI futures in the twenty-first century.Figure 11.5 Stress test matrix of future DVI strategy performance.Figure 11.6 SWOT summary.

1 Chapter 2 Table 2.1 World’s deadliest natural disasters [6]. Table 2.2 World’s deadliest wars [8]. Table 2.3 Deadliest US wars [11,12]. Table 2.4 World’s deadliest non-combat disasters [27]. Table 2.5 Deadliest US disasters [28]. Table 2.6 Deadliest US disasters (FEMA) [29]. Table 2.7 Categorization of US mass fatality incidents... Table 2.8 Categorization of US mass fatality incidents of 10 or... Table 2.9 Significant dates in...Table 2.10 Significant dates in history of INTERPOL [321].Table 2.11 DVI guidelines produced by the...

2 Chapter 4Table 4.1 Role of emergency support function 8 (ESF ...Table 4.2 Core capability of ESF#8 as it applies to DVI (FEMA 2016).Table 4.3 DMORT team positions and specialists.Table 4.4 Selected DMORT deployments illustrating the variety of MFIs.

3 Chapter 5Table 5.1 Typical DVI morgue stations.

4 Chapter 6Table 6.1 Frequency of a restoration type on a maxillary right first molar.Table 6.2 Basic information recorded in the forensic dental record.Table 6.3 Oro-dental photographic views.Table 6.4 I.O.F.O.S. Levels of identification (IOFOS 2020).Table 6.5 ABFO categories &...

5 Chapter 10Table 10.1 Provisions of the Geneva Conventions and Additional Protocols...

6 Chapter 11Table 11.1 Number of fire-related MFITable 11.2 The rise in MFI-related shootings in...

1 Cover

2 Series page Published and forthcoming titles in the Forensic Science in Focus series Published The Global Practice of Forensic Science Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editor) Forensic Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications Jay A. Siegel (Editor) Forensic Microbiology David O. Carter, Jeffrey K. Tomberlin, M. Eric Benbow and Jessica L. Metcalf (Editors) Forensic Anthropology: Theoretical Framework and Scientific Basis Clifford Boyd and Donna Boyd (Editors) The Future of Forensic Science Daniel A. Martell (Editor) Forensic Anthropology and the U.S. Judicial System Laura C. Fulginiti, Alison Galloway and Kristen Hartnett-McCann (Editors) Forensic Science and Humanitarian Action: Interacting with the Dead and the Living Roberto C. Parra, Sara C. Zapico and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors) Disaster Victim Identification in the 21st Century: A US Perspective John Williams and Victor Weedn (Editors) Forthcoming Anthropology of Violent Death: Theoretical Foundations for Forensic Humanitarian Action Roberto C. Parra and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors) The Forensic Evaluation of Burnt Human Remains Sarah Ellingham, Joe Adserias Garriga, Sara C. Zapico and Douglas H. Ubelaker (Editors) Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Forensic Sciences Katrin Franke and Zeno Geradts (Editors) An Illustrated Guide to Forensic Skeletal Trauma Analysis Donna C. Boyd