Pedro H. J. Nardelli - Cyber-physical Systems

141 142

142 143

143 144

144 145

145 146

146 147

147 148

148 149

149 150

150 151

151 152

152 153

153 154

154 155

155 156

156 157

157 158

158 159

159 160

160 161

161 162

162 163

163 164

164 165

165 166

166 167

167 168

168 169

169 170

170 171

171 172

172 173

173 174

174 175

175 177

176 179

177 180

178 181

179 182

180 183

181 184

182 185

183 186

184 187

185 188

186 189

187 190

188 191

189 192

190 193

191 194

192 195

193 196

194 197

195 198

196 199

197 200

198 201

199 202

200 203

201 204

202 205

203 206

204 207

205 208

206 209

207 210

208 212

209 213

210 214

211 215

212 216

213 217

214 218

215 219

216 220

217 221

218 222

219 223

220 224

221 225

222 226

223 227

224 228

225 229

226 230

227 231

228 233

229 234

230 235

231 236

232 237

233 238

234 239

235 240

236 241

237 242

238 243

239 244

240 245

241 246

242 247

243 248

244 249

245 250

246 251

247 252

248 253

249 254

250 255

251 256

252 257

253 258

254 259

255 260

256 261

257 262

258 263

259 265

260 266

261 267

262 268

263 269

264 270

265 271

266 272

Pedro H. J. Nardelli

Copyright © 2022 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 750‐4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762‐2974, outside the United States at (317) 572‐3993 or fax (317) 572‐4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data applied for:

ISBN: 9781119785163

Cover Design and Image: Wiley

This book has been written as an introductory text to cyber‐physical systems conceptualized as a scientific object in itself. The decision to move in this direction was based on my subjective experience of the objective reality of engineering education and academic research, very often overspecialized and too modular. I tried to go beyond such a reductionist view by making evident the complex articulations that constitute cyber‐physical systems as such, as well as the necessary relations to the external world in which they are – or will be – deployed, being them physical or social. My advise to anyone who wants to learn or teach from this book is (i) to follow the chapters in the order they are presented, (ii) do the proposed exercises, and (iii) keep the mind open to understand the articulation of concepts that define the presented theory. Only in this way, the reader or educator can fully enjoy the strength of the theory as the basis of a methodological framework for practical interventions.

The history of the manuscript is the following. The very first, preliminary version of the manuscript‐to‐be was presented as tutorial notes in the 2017 International Symposium on Wireless Communication Systems in Bologna (Italy). Then, this tutorial text was extended to become the lecture notes of a completely new course I had the freedom to develop at LUT as soon as I moved from the University of Oulu to LUT in 2018; the course is called Introduction of IoT‐based Systems . In 2020, I decided to convert those notes into a real book, which Wiley kindly accepted to publish.

I would like to acknowledge all the colleagues with whom I have discussed topics related to this book that in some way or another have helped to shape it, specially the friends at LUT University (Finland), the University of Oulu (Finland), and the University of Campinas (Brazil). Among those persons some deserve special praise, namely (i) Dr. Hanna Niemelä – an associate professor at LUT – for proofreading the whole manuscript and also giving suggestions, (ii) Arthur Sena, M.Sc. – a doctoral student at LUT – for drawing so many figures and helping me in some technical parts of the book, (iii) Dr. Alysson Mascaro – professor of philosophy of law at the University of São Paulo, Brazil – for guiding my studies in critical Marxist philosophy, in particular Althusser, and (iv) Dr. Harun Siljak – assistant professor of embedded systems, optimization and control in Trinity College Dublin, Ireland – for sharing so many ideas about cyber‐physical systems, cybernetics, and information theory (mostly in a revolutionary way). I would also like to thank Dr. Florian Kühnlenz, who at some point in 2014 talked with me about one of my schematic handmade drafts that were randomly placed on my messy table and a few days later presented to me quite an interesting simulation where he implemented those ideas. This was the beginning of his doctoral research at the University of Oulu, which ended up motivating me to dig into the conceptualization of cyber‐physical systems that is now presented here.