Yang Xia - Essential Concepts in MRI

Yang Xia

Oakland University

Rochester, MI, USA

This edition first published 2022

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Xia, Yang, 1955- author. Title: Essential concepts in MRI : physics, instrumentation, spectroscopy and imaging / Yang Xia, Oakland University, Rochester, MI, USA. Description: First edition. | Hoboken, NJ : John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2022. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2021025868 (print) | LCCN 2021025869 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119798217 (paperback) | ISBN 9781119798231 (pdf) | ISBN 9781119798248 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Magnetic resonance imaging. Classification: LCC RC78.7.N83 X53 2022 (print) | LCC RC78.7.N83 (ebook) | DDC 616.07/548--dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025868LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2021025869

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To my parents, and , for their unconditional love and unwavering support during the turbulent years when my sister, Xing , and I grew up in Shanghai, China, and to my two wonderful children, Aimee and Derek , for their love and friendship – it is so great to have you two in my life.

1 Cover

2 Title page Essential Concepts in MRI Physics, Instrumentation, Spectroscopy, and Imaging Yang Xia Oakland University Rochester, MI, USA

3 Copyright

4 Dedication

5 Preface

6 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction1.2 Major Steps in an NMR or MRI Experiment, and Two Conventions in Direction1.3 Major Milestones in the History of NMR and MRI1.4 The Organization for a One-semester Course

7 Part I Essential Concepts in NMR Chapter 2 Classical Description of Magnetic Resonance 2.1 Fundamental Assumptions2.2 Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.3 The Time Evolution of Nuclear Magnetic Moment2.4 Macroscopic Magnetization2.5 Rotating Reference Frame2.6 Spin Relaxation Processes2.7 Bloch Equation2.8 Fourier Transform and Spectral Line Shapes2.9 CW NMR2.10 Radio-frequency Pulses in NMR2.11 FT NMR2.12 Signal Detection in NMR2.13 Phases of the NMR Signal Chapter 3 Quantum Mechanical Description of Magnetic Resonance 3.1 Nuclear Magnetism3.2 Energy Difference3.3 Macroscopic Magnetization3.4 Measurement of the x Component of Angular Momentum3.5 Macroscopic Magnetization for Spin 1/23.6 Resonant Excitation3.7 Mechanisms of Spin Relaxation Chapter 4 Nuclear Interactions 4.1 Dipolar Interaction4.2 Chemical Shift Interaction4.3 Scalar Interaction4.4 Quadrupole Interaction4.5 Summary of Nuclear Interactions

8 Part II Essential Concepts in NMR Instrumentation Chapter 5 Instrumentation 5.1 Magnets5.2 Radio-frequency Coil, Its Resonant Circuitry, and the Probe5.3 Frequency Management5.4 Transmitter5.5 Receiver5.6 Pulse Programmer and Computer5.7 Other Components Chapter 6 NMR Experimental 6.1 Shimming6.2 Preparing Samples6.3 Pulse Sequences and FID6.4 Digitization Rate and Digital Resolution6.5 Dynamic Range6.6 Phase Cycling6.7 Data Accumulation6.8 Pre-FFT Processing Techniques6.9 Fast Fourier Transform6.10 Post-FFT Processing6.11 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Chapter 7 Spin Manipulations by Pulse Sequences 7.1 SINGLE PULSE: 90˚I x , 90˚I y , 90˚I - x , 90˚I - y 7.2 Inversion Recovery Sequence, Saturation Recovery Sequence, and T 1Relaxation7.3 Spin-Echo Sequence (Hahn Echo) and T 2Relaxation7.4 CPMG Echo Train7.5 Stimulated Echo Sequence7.6 SPIN-LOCKING AND T 1ρRELAXATION7.7 How to Select the Delays in Relaxation Measurement

9 Part III Essential Concepts in NMR Spectroscopy Chapter 8 First-order 1D Spectroscopy 8.1 Nomenclature of the Spin System8.2 Peak Shift – the Effect of Chemical Shift8.3 Peak Area – Reflecting the Number of Protons8.4 Peak Splitting – the Consequence of J Coupling8.5 Examples of 1D Spectra Chapter 9 Advanced Topics in Spectroscopy 9.1 Double Resonance9.2 Dipolar Interaction in a Two-spin System9.3 Magic Angle9.4 Chemical Exchange9.5 Magnetization Transfer9.6 Selective Polarization Inversion/Transfer9.7 Radiation Damping Chapter 10 2D NMR Spectroscopy 10.1 Essence of 2D NMR Spectroscopy10.2 COSY – Correlation Spectroscopy10.3 J-resolved Spectroscopy10.4 Examples of 2D NMR Spectroscopy