Stephen W. S. McKeever - A Course in Luminescence Measurements and Analyses for Radiation Dosimetry

10 Part II Experimental Examples: Luminescence Dosimetry Materials 7 Thermoluminescence 7.1 Introduction7.2 Lithium Fluoride7.2.1 LiF:Mg,Ti7.2.1.1 Structure and Defects7.2.1.2 TL Glow Curves7.2.1.3 TL Emission Spectra7.2.1.4 TL Glow-Curve Analysis7.2.1.5 Changes to the Glow-Curve Shape with Dose and Ionization Density7.2.1.6 Competition7.2.1.7 Photon Dose-Response Characteristics7.2.1.8 Charged-Particle Dose-Response Characteristics7.2.2 LiF:MCP7.2.2.1 Structure and Defects7.2.2.2 TL Glow Curves7.2.2.3 TL Emission Spectra7.2.2.4 TL Glow-Curve Analysis7.2.2.5 Changes to the Glow-Curve Shape with Dose and Ionization Density7.2.2.6 Photon Dose-Response Characteristics7.2.2.7 Charged-Particle Dose-Response Characteristics7.2.3 Approximately Right; Precisely Wrong 8 Optically Stimulated Luminescence 8.1 Introduction8.2 Aluminum Oxide8.2.1 Al2O3:C8.2.1.1 Structure and Defects8.2.1.2 OSL Curves8.2.1.3 Emission and Excitation Spectra8.2.1.4 Temperature Dependence8.2.1.5 Photon Dose-Response Characteristics8.2.1.6 Charged-Particle Dose-Response Characteristics8.2.2 A Final Observation 9 Radiophotoluminescence 9.1 Introduction9.2 Phosphate Glass9.2.1 Ag-doped Phosphate Glass9.2.1.1 Formulation, Growth, and RPL Centers9.2.1.2 Emission and Excitation Spectra: RPL Decay Curves and Signal Measurement9.2.1.3 Buildup Curves: Temperature Dependence; UV Reversal9.2.1.4 Photon Dose-Response Characteristics9.2.1.5 Charged-Particle Dose-Response Characteristics9.2.2 Final Remarks Concerning RPL from Ag-doped Phosphate Glass9.3 Fluorescent Nuclear Track Detectors9.3.1 Al2O3:C,Mg9.3.1.1 Introduction9.3.1.2 RPL in Al2O3:C,Mg9.3.1.3 FNTD Imaging of Charged-Particle Tracks9.3.1.4 FNTD for Neutron Detection9.3.2 LiF9.3.2.1 RPL in LiF9.3.2.2 FNTD9.3.3 Alkali Phosphate Glass9.3.3.1 FNTD 10 Some Examples of More Complex TL, OSL, and RPL Phenomena: The Aluminosilicates 10.1 Introduction10.2 Feldspar10.2.1 Structure and Defects10.2.2 Energy Levels and Density of States10.2.3 Emission Spectra10.2.4 OSL Phenomena10.2.4.1 Band Diagram10.2.4.2 OSL Excitation Spectra10.2.4.3 OSL Curve Description10.2.5 TL Phenomena10.2.5.1 Glow-Curve Description10.2.5.2 TL Analysis10.2.6 RPL Phenomena10.2.6.1 RPL Emission and Excitation Spectra10.2.6.2 RPL Temperature Dependence10.2.7 What Can Be Concluded?10.3 Aluminosilicate Glass10.3.1 Structure and Composition10.3.2 OSL Phenomena10.3.2.1 OSL Curve Description10.3.2.2 OSL Excitation Spectrum10.3.2.3 OSL Fading10.3.2.4 Potential Uses in Radiation Dosimetry10.3.3 TL Phenomena10.3.3.1 Glow-Curve Description10.3.3.2 TL Emission Spectrum10.3.3.3 TL Analysis10.3.3.4 TL Fading10.3.3.5 Potential Uses in Radiation Dosimetry10.4 Final Remarks 11 Concluding Remarks: The Possibilities for Imperfection Engineering 11.1 The Importance of Defects11.1.1 The Ideal Luminescence Dosimeter11.1.2 How to Detect Defect Clustering and Tunneling11.1.2.1 Et and s Analysis11.1.2.2 TL and OSL Curve Shapes11.1.2.3 Fading11.1.2.4 Spectral Measurements11.2 The Prospects for “Designer” TLDs, OSLDs, and RPLDs

11 References

12 Index

13 End User License Agreement

1 Chapter 1Figure 1.1 Conceptual notion of TL and OSL in which...Figure 1.2 (a) Excitation from the equilibrium state...Figure 1.3 (a) Arbitrary distributions of available states...Figure 1.4 Schematic diagram illustrating the differences...Figure 1.5 Examples of personal dosimeters, including...Figure 1.6 (a) NASA’s passive radiation area monitor...Figure 1.7 Potential TL and/or OSL materials for personal...

2 Chapter 2Figure 2.1 (a) Idealized energy-band diagram for...Figure 2.2 (a) An idealized lattice for an ionic crystal...Figure 2.3 Two views, (a) and (b), of density functional...Figure 2.4 (a) Schematic view of a LiF lattice with...Figure 2.5 Density of states functions Z(E ) for (a)...Figure 2.6 Potential ϕ as a function of distance...Figure 2.7 A simple model with one electron trap...Figure 2.8 A configurational coordinate diagram showing...Figure 2.9 (a) Examples of postulated photoionization cross...

3 Chapter 3Figure 3.1 Exponential decay of luminescence for fixed...Figure 3.2 First-order TL glow curves calculated using...Figure 3.3 First-order TL glow curves: (a) Comparison of the...Figure 3.4 Second-order TL glow curves calculated using...Figure 3.5 Second-order TL glow curves: (a) Comparison...Figure 3.6 Changes in shape of a TL peak from first...Figure 3.7 A model including thermally disconnected traps....Figure 3.8 Schematic representations for the possible OSL...Figure 3.9 (a) Normalized CW-OSL curves of three values...Figure 3.10 Schematic representation of POSL showing...Figure 3.11 (a) A train of stimulation pulses used in a typical...Figure 3.12 Example VE-OSL peak shapes from solutions...Figure 3.13 Normalized CW-OSL curves for different kinetic...Figure 3.14 Generalized phenomenological model for...Figure 3.15 First-order (+) and second-order (x) TL glowFigure 3.16 Comparison of TL curves obtained using (a)...Figure 3.17 TL glow curves for an IMTS model with three...Figure 3.18 A comparison of two photoionization cross...Figure 3.19 CW-OSL: Example numerical solutions of the...Figure 3.20 Potential trap energy distributions: (a) Linear,...Figure 3.21 (a) A comparison of TL peaks (OTOR model,...Figure 3.22 A comparison of CW-OSL curves (OTOR model...Figure 3.23 An example of use of the Fredholm equation...Figure 3.24 Deconvolution of an LM-OSL curve to reveal...Figure 3.25 TL curves and P and Q factors for a variety of conditions...Figure 3.26 Configurational coordinate diagram indicating...Figure 3.27 (a) The luminescence efficiency function...Figure 3.28 (a) Schön-Klasens mechanism for thermal quenching...Figure 3.29 POSL decay time as a function of temperature for...Figure 3.30 (a) IMST model with a shallow trap (trap 1),...Figure 3.31 Model for TT-OSL. The model consists of shallow...Figure 3.32 Schematic representation using the energy-band model...Figure 3.33 Schematic representation of the fluctuations in the...Figure 3.34 A 3T2R, IMTS model consisting of three traps and...Figure 3.35 Bleaching of the various trap concentrations during...Figure 3.36 (a) Changes in the various concentrations during...Figure 3.37 Changes in the concentration of trapped electrons in trap...Figure 3.38 (a) Simulation of the changes in the concentration of...Figure 3.39 (a) Changes in the PTTL peak area (black dots) or...Figure 3.40 (a) Delocalized wavefunction...Figure 3.41 When the electron and hole traps are spatially close...Figure 3.42 (a) Probability of tunneling, given...Figure 3.43 (a) Normalized distribution...Figure 3.44 (a) Model for excited state tunneling, showing an excitationFigure 3.45 Excited state tunneling showing (a) the change in theFigure 3.46 (a) The t –1...Figure 3.47 Two possible configurations of donor (electron trap)Figure 3.48 The semi-localized transition model of Mandowski...Figure 3.49 Solutions to Equations 3.134 and 3.137, using thermal...

4 Chapter 4Figure 4.1 (a) Configurational coordinate diagram...Figure 4.2 (a) Conceptual optical absorption band due to absorption...Figure 4.3 (a) Absorption (upper graph) and RPL emission bands...Figure 4.4 Conceptual diagram illustrating the buildup phenomenon...Figure 4.5 Simulations of the growth of the shallow traps (ST)...Figure 4.6 The Eller et al. (2013) model for RPL and buildup in...Figure 4.7 A conceptual model for the trapping of electrons and holes...Figure 4.8 Examples solutions to Equations 4.5 and 4.11 showing...Figure 4.9 Comparison of the RPL growth during irradiationFigure 4.10 (a) Dependence of the growth of RPL centers on temperature...