Бен Уилсон - Метрополис. Город как величайшее достижение цивилизации

20 077 человек на кв. километр.

Christopher Hawthorne, ‘How Arcadia is Remaking itself as a Magnet for Chinese Money’, Los Angeles Times, 3/12/2014.

Примерно 186 кв. метров.

Примерно 1115 кв. метров.

74 километра.

Robert Fishman, Bourgeois Utopias: the rise and fall of suburbia (NY, 1987); Joel Garreau, Edge City: life on the new urban frontier (NY, 1991); William Sharpe and Leonard Wallock, ‘Bold New City or Built-up ’Burb? Redefining contemporary suburbia’, American Quarterly 46:1 (March 1994), 1–30; Robert E. Lang and Jennifer Lefurgy, Boomburbs: the rise of America’s accidental cities (Washington DC, 2009).

Почти 93 тыс. кв. метров.

1 млн 858 тыс. кв. метров.

Jim Steinberg, ‘2015 a Big Year for Warehouse Development in the Inland Empire’, San Bernardina Sun, 6/6/2015.

Robert Gotttleib and Simon Ng, Global Cities: urban environments in Los Angeles, Hong Kong, and China (Cambridge, MA, 2017).

Почти 100 километров.

257,5 километра.

Elizabeth Becker, ‘2 Farm Acres Lost Per Minute, Study Says’, New York Times , 4/10/2002; A. Ann Sorensen, Julia Freedgood, Jennifer Dempsey and David M. Theobald, Farms Under Threat: the state of America’s farmland (Washington DC, 2018); Farmland Information Centre: National Statistics, http://www.farmlandinfo.org/statistics.

Thomas J. Campanella, The Concrete Dragon: China’s urban revolution (NY, 2008), chapter 7.

С 321 до 1833 кв. километров.

Sellers, pp. 139ff.

Более 19 тыс. километров.

Jason D Fischer et al., ‘Urbanisation and the Predation Paradox: the role of trophic dynamics in structuring vertebrate communities’, BioScience, 62:9 (September 2012), 809–18; Amanda D. Rodewald et al., ‘Anthropogenic Resource Subsidies Decouple Predator-Prey Relationships’, Ecological Applications, 12:3 (April 2011), 936–43; Alberto Sorace, ‘High Density of Bird and Pest Species in Urban Habitats and the Role of Predator Abundance’, Ornis Fennica, 76 (2002), 60–71.

Suzanne Prange, Stanley D Gehrt and Ernie P. Wiggers, ‘Demographic Factors Contributing to High Raccoon Densities in Urban Landscapes’, Journal of Wildlife Management , 67:2 (April 2003), 324–33; Christine Dell’Amore, ‘How Wild Animals are Hacking Life in the City’, National Geographic , 18/4/2016; Christine Dell’Amore, ‘Downtown Coyotes: inside the secret lives of Chicago’s predator’, National Geographic , 21/11/2014; Payal Mohta, ‘“A Double-Edged Sword”: Mumbai pollution “perfect” for flamingos’, Guardian , 26/3/2019; Alexander R. Braczkowski et al., ‘Leopards Provide Public Health Benefits in Mumbai, India’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 16:3 (April 2018), 176–82.

Menno Schilthuizen, Darwin Comes to Town: how the urban jungle drives evolution (London, 2018); Jean-Nicolas Audet, Simon Ducatez and Louis Lefebvre, ‘The Town Bird and the Country Bird: problem solving and immunocompetence vary with urbanisation’, Behavioral Ecology 27:2 (March—April 2016), 637–44; Jackson Evans, Kyle Boudreau and Jeremy Hyman, ‘Behavioural Syndromes in Urban and Rural Populations of Song Sparrows’, Ethology 116:7 (July 2010) 588–95; Emile C. Snell-Rood and Naomi Wick, ‘Anthropogenic Environments Exert Variable Selection on Cranial Capacity in Mammals’, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 280:1769 (October 2013); E. A Maguire, K Woollett and H. J. Spiers, ‘London Taxi Drivers and Bus Drivers: a structural MRI and neuropsychological analysis’, Hippocampus 16:12 (2006), 1091–101.

Schilthuizen; Thomas Merckx et al., ‘Body-Size Shifts in Aquatic and Terrestrial Urban Communities’, Nature 558 (7/5/2018), 113–18.

Karen C. Seto, Burak Günerlap and Lucy R. Hutyra, ‘Global Forecasts of Urban Expansion to 2030 and Direct Impacts on Biodiversity and Carbon Pools’, PNAS , 109:40 (October 2012); ‘Hot Spot Cities’ http://atlas-for-the-end-of-the-world.com/hotspot_cities_main.html; B Günderalp and K. C. Seto, ‘Futures of Global Urban Expansion: uncertainties and implications for biodiversity conservation’, Environmental Research Letters 8 (2013).

Эфиопия и юг Аравийского полуострова.

Seto et al. (2012).

Christopher Bren d’Amour et al., ‘Future Urban Land Expansion and Implications for Global Croplands’, PNAS 114:34 (August 2017); Mathis Wackernagel et al., ‘The Ecological Footprint of Cities and Regions: comparing resource availability with resource demand’, Environment and Urbanizaion 18:1 (2006), 103–12.

Scott R. Loss, Tom Will, Sara S. Loss and peter M. Marra, ‘Bird-Building Collisions in the United States: estimates of annual mortality and species vulnerability’, The Condor , 116:1 (February 2014), 8–23; Kyle G Horton et al., ‘Bright Lights in the Big Cities: migra-tory birds’ exposure to artificial light’, Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment , 17:4 (May 2019), 209–14; Laurel E. K. Serieys, Amanda Lea, John P. Pollinger, Seth P. D. Riley and Robert K. Wayne, ‘Disease and Freeways Drive Genetic Change in Urban Bobcat Populations’, Evolutionary Applications , 8:1 (January 2015), 75–92.

Greenspace Information for Greater London, ‘Key London Figures’, https://www.gigl.org.uk/keyfigures/; London gov.uk, ‘Biodiversity’, https://www.london.gov.uk/what-we-do/environment/parks-green-spaces-and-biodiversity/biodiversity; Secretariat of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Cities and Biological Diversity Outlook (Montreal, 2012), pp. 9, 24.

Lucy Wang, ‘How the Cheonggyecheon River Urban Design Restored the Green Heart of Seoul’, https://inhabitat.com/how-the-cheonggyecheon-river-urban-design-restored-the-green-heart-of-seoul/.

Claire Cameron, ‘The Rise of the City Bee’, https://daily.jstor.org/rise-city-bee-urbanites-built-21st-century-apiculture/.

20 996 кв. метров.

1,62 кв. километра.

Sam Jones, ‘Can Mexico City’s Roof Gardens Help the Metropolis Shrug Off its Smog?’, Guardian , 24/4/2014; Ajuntament de Barcelona, Barcelona Green Infrastructure and Biodiversity Plan 2020 , https://ajuntament.barcelona.cat/ecologiaurbana/sites/default/files/Barcelona%20green%20infrastructure%20and%20biodiversity%20plan%202020.pdf; Grace Chua, ‘How Singapore MakesBiodiversity an Important Part of Urban Life’, Citylab, https://www.citylab.com/environment/2015/01/how-singapore-makes-biodiversity-an-important-part-of-urban-life/384799/.