Henry Longfellow - The Song of Hiawatha

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The Song of Hiawatha is based on the legends and stories of many North American Indian tribes, but especially those of the Ojibway Indians of northern Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. They were collected by Henry Rowe Schoolcraft, the reknowned historian, pioneer explorer, and geologist. He was superintendent of Indian affairs for Michigan from 1836 to 1841.
Schoolcraft married Jane, O-bah-bahm-wawa-ge-zhe-go-qua (The Woman of the Sound Which the Stars Make Rushing Through the Sky), Johnston. Jane was a daughter of John Johnston, an early Irish fur trader, and O-shau-gus-coday-way-qua (The Woman of the Green Prairie), who was a daughter of Waub-o-jeeg (The White Fisher), who was Chief of the Ojibway tribe at La Pointe, Wisconsin.
Jane and her mother are credited with having researched, authenticated, and compiled much of the material Schoolcraft included in his Algic Researches (1839) and a revision published in 1856 as The Myth of Hiawatha. It was this latter revision that Longfellow used as the basis for The Song of Hiawatha.
Longfellow began Hiawatha on June 25, 1854, he completed it on March 29, 1855, and it was published November 10, 1855. As soon as the poem was published its popularity was assured. However, it also was severely criticized as a plagiary of the Finnish epic poem Kalevala. Longfellow made no secret of the fact that he had used the meter of the Kalevala; but as for the legends, he openly gave credit to Schoolcraft in his notes to the poem.
I would add a personal note here. My father's roots include Ojibway Indians: his mother, Margaret Caroline Davenport, was a daughter of Susan des Carreaux, O-gee-em-a-qua (The Chief Woman), Davenport whose mother was a daughter of Chief Waub-o-jeeg. Finally, my mother used to rock me to sleep reading portions of Hiawatha to me, especially:
Woodrow W. Morris
April 1, 1991 «Wah-wah-taysee, little fire-fly,
Little, flitting, white-fire insect
Little, dancing, white-fire creature,
Light me with your little candle,
Ere upon my bed I lay me,
Ere in sleep I close my eyelids!»

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Then the Black-Robe chief, the Prophet,
Told his message to the people,
Told the purport of his mission,
Told them of the Virgin Mary,
And her blessed Son, the Saviour,
How in distant lands and ages
He had lived on earth as we do;
How he fasted, prayed, and labored;
How the Jews, the tribe accursed,
Mocked him, scourged him, crucified him;
How he rose from where they laid him,
Walked again with his disciples,
And ascended into heaven.

And the chiefs made answer, saying:
"We have listened to your message,
We have heard your words of wisdom,
We will think on what you tell us.
It is well for us, O brothers,
That you come so far to see us!"

Then they rose up and departed
Each one homeward to his wigwam,
To the young men and the women
Told the story of the strangers
Whom the Master of Life had sent them
From the shining land of Wabun.

Heavy with the heat and silence
Grew the afternoon of Summer;
With a drowsy sound the forest
Whispered round the sultry wigwam,
With a sound of sleep the water
Rippled on the beach below it;
From the cornfields shrill and ceaseless
Sang the grasshopper, Pah-puk-keena;
And the guests of Hiawatha,
Weary with the heat of Summer,
Slumbered in the sultry wigwam.

Slowly o'er the simmering landscape
Fell the evening's dusk and coolness,
And the long and level sunbeams
Shot their spears into the forest,
Breaking through its shields of shadow,
Rushed into each secret ambush,
Searched each thicket, dingle, hollow;
Still the guests of Hiawatha
Slumbered In the silent wigwam.

From his place rose Hiawatha,
Bade farewell to old Nokomis,
Spake in whispers, spake in this wise,
Did not wake the guests, that slumbered.

"I am going, O Nokomis,
On a long and distant journey,
To the portals of the Sunset.
To the regions of the home-wind,
Of the Northwest-Wind, Keewaydin.
But these guests I leave behind me,
In your watch and ward I leave them;
See that never harm comes near them,
See that never fear molests them,
Never danger nor suspicion,
Never want of food or shelter,
In the lodge of Hiawatha!"

Forth into the village went he,
Bade farewell to all the warriors,
Bade farewell to all the young men,
Spake persuading, spake in this wise:

"I am going, O my people,
On a long and distant journey;
Many moons and many winters
Will have come, and will have vanished,
Ere I come again to see you.
But my guests I leave behind me;
Listen to their words of wisdom,
Listen to the truth they tell you,
For the Master of Life has sent them
From the land of light and morning!"

On the shore stood Hiawatha,
Turned and waved his hand at parting;
On the clear and luminous water
Launched his birch canoe for sailing,
From the pebbles of the margin
Shoved it forth into the water;
Whispered to it, "Westward! westward!"
And with speed it darted forward.

And the evening sun descending
Set the clouds on fire with redness,
Burned the broad sky, like a prairie,
Left upon the level water
One long track and trail of splendor,
Down whose stream, as down a river,
Westward, westward Hiawatha
Sailed into the fiery sunset,
Sailed into the purple vapors,
Sailed into the dusk of evening:

And the people from the margin
Watched him floating, rising, sinking,
Till the birch canoe seemed lifted
High into that sea of splendor,
Till it sank into the vapors
Like the new moon slowly, slowly
Sinking in the purple distance.

And they said, "Farewell forever!"
Said, "Farewell, O Hiawatha!"
And the forests, dark and lonely,
Moved through all their depths of darkness,
Sighed, "Farewell, O Hiawatha!"
And the waves upon the margin
Rising, rippling on the pebbles,
Sobbed, "Farewell, O Hiawatha!"
And the heron, the Shuh-shuh-gah,
From her haunts among the fen-lands,
Screamed, "Farewell, O Hiawatha!"

Thus departed Hiawatha,
Hiawatha the Beloved,
In the glory of the sunset,
In the purple mists of evening,
To the regions of the home-wind,
Of the Northwest-Wind, Keewaydin,
To the Islands of the Blessed,
To the Kingdom of Ponemah,
To the Land of the Hereafter!

The End

VOCABULARY

Adjidau'mo, the red squirrel

Ahdeek', the reindeer

Ahmeek', the beaver

Annemee'kee, the thunder

Apuk'wa. a bulrush

Baim-wa'wa, the sound of the thunder

Bemah'gut, the grape-vine

Chemaun', a birch canoe

Chetowaik', the plover

Chibia'bos, a musician; friend of Hiawatha;

ruler of the Land of Spirits

Dahin'da, the bull frog

Dush-kwo-ne'-she or Kwo-ne'-she,

the dragon fly

Esa, shame upon you

Ewa-yea', lullaby

Gitche Gu'mee, The Big-Sea-Water,

Lake Superior

Gitche Man'ito, the Great Spirit,

the Master of Life

Gushkewau', the darkness

Hiawa'tha, the Prophet. the Teacher,

son of Mudjekeewis, the West-Wind and Wenonah,

daughter of Nokomis

Ia'goo, a great boaster and story-teller

Inin'ewug, men, or pawns in the Game of the Bowl

Ishkoodah', fire, a comet

Jee'bi, a ghost, a spirit

Joss'akeed, a prophet

Kabibonok'ka, the North-Wind

Ka'go, do not

Kahgahgee', the raven

Kaw, no

Kaween', no indeed

Kayoshk', the sea-gull

Kee'go, a fish

Keeway'din, the Northwest wind, the Home-wind

Kena'beek, a serpent

Keneu', the great war-eagle

Keno'zha, the pickerel

Ko'ko-ko'ho, the owl

Kuntasoo', the Game of Plumstones

Kwa'sind, the Strong Man

Kwo-ne'-she, or Dush-kwo-ne'-she, the dragon-fly

Mahnahbe'zee, the swan

Mahng, the loon

Mahnomo'nee, wild rice

Ma'ma, the woodpecker

Me'da, a medicine-man

Meenah'ga, the blueberry

Megissog'won, the great Pearl-Feather,

a magician, and the Manito of Wealth

Meshinau'wa, a pipe-bearer

Minjekah'wun, Hiawatha's mittens

Minneha'ha, Laughing Water; wife of Hiawatha;

a water-fall in a stream running into the

Mississippi between Fort Snelling and the

Falls of St. Anthony

Minne-wa'wa, a pleasant sound, as of the wind

in the trees

Mishe-Mo'kwa, the Great Bear

Mishe-Nah'ma, the Great Sturgeon

Miskodeed', the Spring-Beauty, the Claytonia Virginica

Monda'min, Indian corn

Moon of Bright Nights, April

Moon of Leaves, May

Moon of Strawberries, June

Moon of the Falling Leaves, September

Moon of Snow-shoes, November

Mudjekee'wis, the West-Wind; father of Hiawatha

Mudway-aush'ka, sound of waves on a shore

Mushkoda'sa, the grouse

Nah'ma, the sturgeon

Nah'ma-wusk, spearmint

Na'gow Wudj'oo, the Sand Dunes of Lake Superior

Nee-ba-naw'-baigs, water-spirits

Nenemoo'sha, sweetheart

Nepah'win, sleep

Noko'mis, a grandmother, mother of Wenonah

No'sa, my father

Nush'ka, look! look!

Odah'min, the strawberry

Okahha'wis, the fresh-water herring

Ome'mee, the pigeon

Ona'gon, a bowl

Opechee', the robin

Osse'o, Son of the Evening Star

Owais'sa, the blue-bird

Oweenee', wife of Osseo

Ozawa'beek, a round piece of brass or copper

in the Game of the Bowl

Pah-puk-kee'na, the grasshopper

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