Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

11.1.9–11.1.10).

interjection(мeждомe´тиe): an exclamatory word, invariable in form, which is thrown into an utterance to express emotion, e.g. oh!, ox!

(5.5).

intransitive verb(нeпeрeхо´дный глaго´л): a verb that does not require a direct object, e.g. The sun rises , A crowd gathered (4.4, 11.8).

isogloss(изогло´ссa): a line separating one region from another which differs from it in a feature of dialect. The isogloss may indicate e.g.

the limits of distribution of a certain word or the boundary beyond

which one phenomenon (e.g. о´кaньe) is replaced by another

(a´кaньe).

lexical(лeкси´чeский): relating to vocabulary (as opposed to grammar).

locative case(мe´стный пaдe´ж): the case which indicates location of an object; used after the prepositions в and нa (9.1.2, 9.1.5, 10.1.6,

10.3.5, 11.1.11); see also prepositional case.

long form(of adjective; по´лнaя фо´рмa): full form that must be used when a Russian adjective is attributive, e.g. ру´сский, но´вaя, бe´лоe, си´льныe, etc. (9.3.1); cf. short form, which may be used when the adjective is predicative.

xxvii

Glossary of linguistic terms

main clause(глa´вноe прeдложe´ниe): a clause which can stand independently, e.g. I went home [main clause] after I had spoken to you [ subordinate clause, q.v.].

mobile vowel(бe´глый глa´сный): one of the vowels o, ёor ewhen (a) they precede the final consonant of a masculine noun in its

nominative singular form but disappear once an inflection is added,

e.g. у´гол (углa´, etc.; see 9.1.3), or (b) are inserted in certain types of feminine or neuter noun which in the genitive plural have a zero

ending(q.v.), e.g. доскa´ (досо´к), полотe´нцe (полотe´нeц; see

9.1.7).

modal particle(модa´льнaя чaсти´цa): a short indeclinable word which emphasises, intensifies or in some other way expresses the

speaker’s emotion or attitude, e.g. вeдь, жe(5.4).

modal verb(модa´льный глaго´л): verb (e.g. Eng can , could , may ; Russ мочь) expressing possibility, permissibility, obligation, etc., and followed by another verb which it modifies (4.3).

monosyllable(односло´жноe сло´во): word comprising one syllable, e.g. cat , word .

mood(нaклонe´ниe): form of the verb that indicates how the speaker views an action or state, i.e. whether it is seen as matter-of-fact, desirable, contingent on sth else, etc. See also conditional, imperative, indicative, subjunctive.

morphology(морфоло´гия): study of the forms of words.

Inflectional morphology(see inflection) relates to the declension of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, numerals and participles

and conjugation of verbs (see Chapter 9). Lexical(q.v.) morphologyrelates to word-formation(q.v.; see Chapter 8).

neologism(нeологи´зм): a new word or phrase (e.g. грaнт, тeнeви´к), or the use of an old word in a new sense (e.g. боeви´к) (5.1).

nominative case(имeни´тeльный пaдe´ж): the case in which the subject is expressed, e.g. ´

Oльгaчитaéт кни´гу, Olgais reading a book

(9.1.2, 10.1.1, 11.1.1).

number(число´): the grammatical property of a word which indicates whether it is singular, dual (q.v.) or plural. The difference between car/cars, mouse/mice, I am/we are is in each instance a difference of number.

numeral(числи´тeльноe): a word denoting number, e.g. two , five ; see also cardinal numeraland ordinal numeral.

object(дополнe´ниe): see direct objectand indirect object.

oblique case(ко´свeнный пaдe´ж): any case other than the nominative (and in other Slavonic languages, vocative), i.e. in Russian

accusative, genitive, dative, instrumental, prepositional. In this book the term is used to embrace the last four of these cases, but not

generally the accusative.

okan e(о´кaньe): the phoneme o preserves its value in the pretonic syllable, e.g. s ová (совa´); cf. akan eabove. In full(по´лноe) о´кaньe o retains its value even in the syllable before the pretonic syllable, e.g.

m olodój (молодо´й). In incomplete(нeпо´лноe) о´кaньe, o in the xxviii

Glossary of linguistic terms

syllable preceding the pretonic syllable is reduced to ə, e.g. m ə lokó (молоко´) (1.5).

Old Church Slavonic(цeрк òвнослaвя´нский язы´к): the South Slav language that was used by the early Slav missionaries, in the ninth

and tenth centuries, for the transmission of Christian teaching to

other Slav peoples; the basis of the language used in Russia for

liturgical purposes and most literary forms before westernisation in the eighteenth century.

ordinal numeral(поря´дковоe числи´тeльноe): numeral indicating place in order or sequence, e.g. second, fifth .

orthography(орфогрa´фия): correct or accepted use of the written characters of a language.

paradigm(пaрaди´гмa): table setting out the system of inflection of a word.

paronym(пaро´ним): a word which may be confused with another to which it is close in sound, written form and possibly meaning, and

which may be of similar origin, e.g. principal/principle . In this book the term is used in a broad sense to include all easily confused words, even those of quite different origin, e.g. брe´мя, врe´мя(3.4).

participle(причa´стиe): a verb form that combines both the qualities of a verb (e.g. transitiveness or intransitiveness, active or passive meaning, tense and aspect, but not person) and the qualities of a

noun (e.g. gender, case and number). Russian has present and past

active participles and present and past passive participles

(9.7.3–9.7.6, 11.11.2–11.11.4).

passive voice(стрaдa´тeльный зaло´г): the form of a verb which indicates that the subject suffered the action, i.e. was not itself the agent, e.g. I was hitby a stone, They were taughtFrench by their mother .