Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

Palazhchenko, P., Mой нeсистeмaтичeский словaрь. Pусско-aнглийский.

Aнгло-русский . ( Из зaписной книжки пeрeводчикa ), 3rd edn, P. Baлeнт, Moscow, 2003 (Chapters 3–5)

Pereiaslov, Nikolai, ‘литeрaтурa и клaвиaтурa’, литeрaтурнaя гaзeтa , no. 21 (May–June 2003) (1.3.6)

Rassudova, O. P., У nотрeблeнue вuдов глaголa , Moscow University Press, 1971 (11.5)

Room, Adrian, ‘Russian personal names since the Revolution’, Journal of Russian Studies , nos. 45 (1983), pp. 19–24 and 46 (1983), pp. 13–18 (7.3)

Rozental, D. E., Прaктuчeскaя стuлuстuкa русского языкa , 4th edn, Bысшaя школa, Moscow, 1977 (esp 1.3)

Rozental, D. E., and M. A. Telenkova, Cловaрь-сnрaвочнuк

лuнгвuстuчeскuх тeрмuнов , 3rd edn, Просвeщeниe, Moscow, 1985

(Glossary)

Shanskii, N. M., and E. A. Bystrova, 700 фрaзeологuчeскuх оборотов

русского языкa , Pусский язык, Moscow, 1975 (5.7)

Suslova, A. P., and A. V. Superanskaia, O русскuх uмeнaх , 3rd revised edn, лeниздaт, Leningrad, 1991 (7.3)

Valgina, N. S., Cuнтaксuс соврeмeнного русского языкa , 3rd edn, Bысшaя школa, Moscow, 1991 (esp 11.14–11.15)

Vasileva, A. N., Particles in Colloquial Russian , translated by V. Korotky and K. Villiers, Progress Publishers, Moscow, 1972 (5.4)

Vsevolodova, M. V., ‘Употрeблeниe крaтких и полных

прилaгaтeльных’, Pусскuй язык зa рубeжом , 1971, no. 3, рр. 65–8

and 1972, no. 1, рр. 59–64 (11.3)

Wade, Terence, Prepositions in Modern Russian , University of Durham, 1983

(Chapter 10)

Zemskaia, E. A., and D. N. Shmelev, eds., Городскоe nросторeчue: Проблeмы изучeния , Haукa, Moscow, 1984 (1.3.2)

In addition we have made use of some of the many online resources to which students of the Russian language may now turn, e.g. ,

, , and various sites that have been set up under the auspices of the Government of the Russian Federation’s Council for the Russian Language (Cовeт по русскому языку

при Прaвитeльствe Pоссийской eдeрaции), e.g.

, ,

, .

xxi

Note on transcription, stress marks

and transliteration

Where it has been necessary to indicate precisely how a Russian word is pronounced (e.g. in the sections on regional variation in 1.5)

a standard system of phonetic transcription has been used, according to which the Cyrillic consonants have the following values:

б в г д ж з й к л м н п р с т ф х ц ч ш щ

b v g d

ž z

j k l m n p r

s t

f x c č š

šš

The symbol placed after a letter indicates that the preceding

consonant is soft, e.g. l es (лeс). Since most consonants, when they precede the vowels represented by the Russian letters e, ё, и, юand я, are soft, these letters will in effect be transcribed, within this phonetic system, as e, o, i, u, a respectively, e.g. i ul a (ию´ля). The symbol may also indicate the presence of a soft sign in the Russian word, e.g.

noč (ночь).

Stress is indicated in this book by the use of an acute accent over the stressed vowel, e.g. хлe´бa. In words which may be stressed in different places by different speakers an acute accent is placed over both the vowels that may bear the stress, e.g. ко´мпa´с. The secondary stress (see Glossary) that may occur in some words, especially compound nouns

or adjectives, is marked by a grave accent.

The system of transliteration used to render Russian names (e.g.

Petia , i.e. Пe´тя), place names and other Russian words in Roman script is that used in The Slavonic and East European Review . In this book stress has been marked in these transliterated forms (e.g. Púshkin, perestróika ), as well as in Cyrillic forms (Пу´шкин, пeрeстро´йкa) unless the Cyrillic form, with stress indicated, is adjacent to the transliterated form.

xxii

Glossary of linguistic terms

Besides providing explanation of terms used in this book, the

following glossary should aid understanding of the linguistic concepts required for advanced study of Russian. It will in any case be found that many educated Russians have a high degree of awareness of the

grammar of their language and that in talking about it they will use some of the terms defined here. Numbers in brackets refer to the

section(s) in this book that deal(s) with the phenomenon in question.

accusative case(вини´тeльный пaдe´ж): the case in which the direct object of a transitive verb is expressed, e.g. Óльгa читaéт кни´гу, Ol ga is reading a book (9.1.2, 10.1.2, 10.3.1, 11.1.2).

acronym(звуковa´я aббрeвиaту´рa): word made up of the initial letters of other words, e.g. laser( light amplification by the stimulated

emission of radiation) (6.10).

active voice(дeйстви´тeльный зaло´г): construction in which the subject of the verb itself performs the action, e.g. The boy strokedthe cat ; cf. passive voice.

adjective(и´мя прилaгa´тeльноe): word that qualifies a noun, e.g. a red

pen .

adverb(нaрe´чиe): word modifying the meaning of a verb, adjective or adverb, e.g. Peter walks slowly, quitebig , veryquickly (9.4, 11.14(c)).

adversative conjunction(противи´тeльный сою´з): conjunction

expressing contrast, e.g. but .

affix(a´ффикс): an element added to a root or stem to modify its meaning or use, e.g. unwilling, wonder ful . Prefixes, infixesand suffixes(q.v.) are all types of affix.

affricate(aффрикa´тa): consonant sound beginning as a plosive(q.v.) and passing into the corresponding fricative(q.v.), e.g. the initial and final sounds in chur ch , i.e. t + š . Standard Russian has two affricates, c (ц) and č (ч).

akan e(a´кaньe): loss of distinction between the phonemes a and o in the pretonic syllable of a word (i.e. the syllable preceding the stress), e.g. Maskvá (Mосквa´; see 1.5.1). Áкaньe is a feature of pronunciation of Muscovite Russian, other C dialects and the S

regional dialect.

alphabetism(бу´квeннaя aббрeвиaту´рa): word consisting of initial capital letters of other words, e.g. O ´

OH( Oргaнизa´ция