Derek Offord - Using Russian - A Guide to Contemporary Usage

79

3.3

Homographs

81

3.4

Paronyms

82

3.5

Faux amis (ложныe друзья´)

87

3.6

Problems of number

91

3.6.1 Nouns with plural form only

91

3.6.2 Nouns with singular form only

92

3.7

Russian words difficult to render in English

93

4

Problems of translation from English into Russian

98

4.1

English words difficult to render in Russian

98

4.2

Translation of the verb to be

150

4.3

Translation of English modal auxiliary verbs

154

4.4

Transitive and intransitive verbs

159

4.5

Translation of English forms ending in -ing

160

4.6

Translation of too, also, as well

162

5

Vocabulary and idiom

163

5.1

Neologisms

163

5.1.1 Western loanwords in Russian

163

5.1.2 Recent loanwords from English

165

5.1.3 Neologisms derived from existing Russian words

166

5.1.4 Slang

169

5.1.5 Computing terminology

171

5.2

Transition words

176

5.3

Fillers

177

5.4

Modal particles

179

5.5

Interjections

188

5.6

Vulgar language

190

5.7

Idioms

193

5.8

Proverbs and sayings (посло´вицы и погово´рки)

199

5.9

Similes

202

6

Language and everyday life

203

6.1

Measurement

203

6.1.1 Length, distance, height

203

6.1.2 Area

204

6.1.3 Weight

204

6.1.4 Volume

205

6.1.5 Russian pre-revolutionary units of measure

205

6.1.6 Speed

206

6.1.7 Temperature

206

6.2

Currency

207

vi

Contents

6.3

Fractions and presentation of numerals

207

6.4

Time

207

6.5

Telephone numbers

208

6.6

Postal addresses

208

6.7

Family relationships

209

6.8

Public notices

209

6.9

Abbreviations of titles, weights, measures and

common expressions

211

6.10

Acronyms and alphabetisms

213

6.11

Names of countries and nationalities

216

6.11.1 Russia and the other states of the former

Soviet Union

216

6.11.2 Other regions and national minorities of Russia and the

former Soviet Union

217

6.11.3 Europe (Eвро´пa)

218

6.11.4 Africa ( Áфрикa)

220

6.11.5 America (Aмe´рикa)

221

6.11.6 Asia ( Áзия)

221

6.11.7 The Middle East (Бли´жний Bосто´к)

222

6.11.8 Australia and New Zealand

223

6.12

Words denoting inhabitants of Russian and former

Soviet cities

223

6.13

Jokes (aнeкдо´ты) and puns (кaлaмбу´ры)

225

7

Verbal etiquette

228

7.1

Introductory remarks

228

7.2

Use of ты and вы

229

7.3

Personal names

230

7.3.1 First names (имeнa´)

230

7.3.2 Patronymics (о´тчeствa)

233

7.4

Attracting attention (привлeчe´ниe внимa´ния)

235

7.5

Introductions (знaко´мство)

237

7.6

Greetings (привe´тствиe)

239

7.7

Farewells (прощa´ниe)

241

7.8

Congratulation (поздрaвлe´ниe)

242

7.9

Wishing (пожeлa´ниe)

242

7.10

Gratitude (блaгодa´рностъ)

244

7.11

Apologising (извинe´ниe)

244

7.12

Request (про´сьбa)

245

7.13

Invitation (приглaшe´ниe)

247

7.14

Reassurance and condolence (утeшe´ниe, соболe´зновaниe)

247

7.15

Compliments (комплимe´нты)

248

7.16

Telephone conversations (тeлeфо´нный рaзгово´р)

248

7.17

Letter writing (пeрeпи´скa)

250

8

Word-formation

252

8.1

Principles of word-formation

252

vii

Contents

8.2

Types of consonant, spelling rules and consonant changes

253

8.2.1 Hard and soft consonants

253

8.2.2 Use of the hard sign

253

8.2.3 Devoicing of consonants

254

8.2.4 Spelling rules

254

8.2.5 Consonant changes

255

8.2.6 Epenthetic л

255

8.3

Verbal prefixes

255

8.4

Noun prefixes

263

8.5

Adjectival prefixes

264

8.6

The verbal infixes -ывa-/-ивa-

265

8.7

Noun suffixes

266

8.7.1 The principal noun suffixes

266

8.7.2 Noun suffixes denoting females

274

8.7.3 Miscellaneous noun suffixes

276

8.8

Diminutive, augmentative and expressive suffixes

277

8.8.1 Diminutive and hypocoristic suffixes

277

8.8.2 Double diminutive suffixes

279

8.8.3 The augmentative suffix -ищe/-ищa

279

8.8.4 Pejorative suffixes

279

8.9

The principal adjectival suffixes

280

8.10

Suffixes of participial origin

284

8.11

The verbal suffixes -ничaть and -aну´ть

285

8.12

Composition

286

8.12.1 Compound nouns

286

8.12.2 Compound adjectives

287

9

Inflection

288

9.1

Declension of the noun

288

9.1.1 Gender

288

9.1.2 Basic declensional patterns of the noun

289

9.1.3 Mobile vowels

291

9.1.4 Genitive singular forms in -у/-ю

291

9.1.5 Locative singular forms in -´y/-ю´

292

9.1.6 Masculine nouns with nominative plural in -á/-я´

294

9.1.7 Irregularities in the genitive plural of nouns

296

9.1.8 Irregularities in dative/instrumental/prepositional

plural forms

299

9.1.9 Nouns which are irregular throughout the plural

299

9.1.10 Nouns with irregular declension throughout

301

9.1.11 Declension of surnames

303

9.1.12 Indeclinable nouns

304

9.2

Declension of pronouns

305

9.3

Adjectival forms

307

9.3.1 Declension of adjectives

307

9.3.2 Formation of short adjectives

309

9.3.3 Formation of short comparatives

310

viii

Contents

9.4

Formation of adverbs

312

9.5

Declension of numerals

313

9.6

Verb forms

315

9.6.1 The system of conjugation

315

9.6.2 1A verbs

316

9.6.3 1B verbs with vowel stems and unstressed endings

316

9.6.4 1B verbs with stems in л and p and unstressed endings

316

9.6.5 1B verbs with vowel stems and stressed endings

317

9.6.6 1B verbs with consonant stems and unstressed endings

317

9.6.7 1B verbs with consonant stems and stressed endings

319

9.6.8 Second-conjugation verbs

322

9.6.9 Irregular verbs

324

9.6.10 Formation of the past tense

325

9.6.11 Formation of the imperative

326

9.7

Formation of gerunds and participles

328

9.7.1 Formation of imperfective gerunds

328

9.7.2 Formation of perfective gerunds

328

9.7.3 Formation of present active participles

329

9.7.4 Formation of past active participles

329

9.7.5 Formation of present passive participles

330

9.7.6 Formation of past passive participles

330

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