Крейг Райт - Скрытые привычки гениев. Раскройте секреты их величия помимо таланта, IQ и целеустремленности

Francis Galton, Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences (London: MacMillan, 1869), http://galton.org/books/hereditary-genius/1869-FirstEdition/hereditarygenius1869galt.pdf, 1.

О селекции лошадей см.: Allison Schrager, Secretariat’s Kentucky Derby Record Is Safe, Thanks to the Taxman , Wall Street Journal, May 3, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/secretariats-kentucky-derby-record-is-safe-thanks-to-the-taxman-11556920680. О биологическом детерминизме в целом см.: Stephen Jay Gould, The Mismeasure of Man (New York: W. W. Norton, 1981), chap. 5.

Robert Plomin, Nature and Nurture: An Introduction to Human Behavioral Genetics (Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 2004).

Andrew Robinson, Sudden Genius? The Gradual Path to Creative Breakthroughs (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2010), 9.

Там же, 256.

Dean Keith Simonton, Talent and Its Development: An Emergenic and Epigenetic Model , Psychological Review 106, no. 3 (July 1999): 440.

David T. Lykken, The Genetics of Genius , in Genius and the Mind: Studies of Creativity and Temperament , edited by Andrew Steptoe (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1998), 28; Robinson, Sudden Genius? , 256.

Havelock Ellis, A Study of British Genius (London: Hurst and Blackett, 2017 [1904]), 94 ff.

Gilbert Gottlieb, Normally Occurring Environmental and Behavioral Influences on Gene Activity: From Central Dogma to Probabilistic Epigenesis , Psychological Review 105, no. 3 (1995): 792–802.

K. Anders Ericsson, Ralf Th. Krampe, and Clemens Tesch-Römer, The Role of Deliberate Practice in the Acquisition of Expert Performance , Psychological Review 100, vol. 3 (July 1993): 363–406. См. также: John A. Sloboda, Jane W. Davidson, Michael J. A. Howe, and Derek G. Moore, The Role of Practice in the Development of Performing Musicians , British Journal of Psychology 87 (May 1996): 287–309.

Ericsson et al., The Role of Deliberate Practice , 397.

Ellen Winner, Gifted Children: Myths and Realities (New York: Basic Books, 1997), 3.

О карьере Сезанна см.: Alex Danchev, Cézanne: A Life (New York: Random House, 2012), 106, 110, 116; Lawrence Gowing, Cézanne: The Early Years (New York: Harry N. Abrams, 1988), 110.

La Voz de Galicia , February 21, 1895, quoted in John Richardson, A Life of Picasso: The Prodigy, 1881–1906 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1991), 55.

Richardson, A Life of Picasso , 67.

David W. Galenson, Old Masters and Young Geniuses (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2006), 24.

Там же, 23.

Danchev, Cézanne, 12.

’The Father of Us All’, Artsy, February 6, 2014, https://www.artsy.net/article/matthew-the-father-of-us-all.

Brooke N. MacNamara, David Z. Hambrick, and Frederick L. Oswald, Deliberate Practice and Performance in Music, Games, Sports, Education, and Professions: A Meta-analysis , Psychological Science 8 (July 2014): 1608–1618.

К этому имейлу от 4 августа 2019 года Чен сделал следующую приписку: «P. S. Я прочитал это своей (китайской) матери, и она не согласилась с цифрами 20 и 80 процентов. Мама ставит на первое место труд: 80 процентов труд и 20 процентов удача и возможности. Менталитет матери-тигрицы, верно? Интересно, почему разные культуры и воспитание способны так сильно влиять на мнение человека по данным вопросам?»

Подробнее об истории стандартизированных тестов на определение IQ см.: Simonton, Talent and Its Development , 440–448; Darrin McMahon, Divine Fury: A History of Genius (New York: Basic Books, 2013), 178–185.

Deborah Solomon, The Science of Second-Guessing , New York Times, December 12, 2004, https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/magazine/the-science-of-secondguessing.html.

Martin André Rosanoff, Edison in His Laboratory , Harper’s Magazine (September 1932), https://harpers.org/archive/1932/09/edison-in-his-laboratory/.

Gould, The Mismeasure of Man , 56–57.

Дело «Григгс против Duke Power Company », 1971. Однако тест на определение IQ и аналогичные тесты по-прежнему могут использоваться в качестве предикторов эффективности работы, если это не приводит к дискриминации по расовым, религиозным, национальным или гендерным признакам.

William E. Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test: Noncognitive Assessment in Higher Education (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2004), 61–63.

Catherine Rampell, SAT Scores and Family Income , New York Times, August 27, 2009, https://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/08/27/sat-scores-and-family-income/; Zachary Goldfarb, These Four Charts Show How the SAT Favors Rich, Educated Families , Washington Post, March 5, 2014, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2014/03/05/these-four-charts-show-how-the-sat-favors-the-rich-educated-families/; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test , 68.

Aamer Madhani, University of Chicago Becomes the First Elite College to Make SAT, ACT Optional for Applicants , USA Today, June 14, 2018, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2018/06/14/university-chicago-sat-act-optional/701153002/.

Anemona Hartocollis, University of California Is Sued over Use of SAT and ACT , New York Times, December 10, 2019, https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/10/us/sat-act-uc-lawsuit.html.

См., например, Lenora Chu, Little Soldiers: An American Boy, a Chinese School, and the Global Race to Achieve (New York: HarperCollins, 2017), 252; Sedlacek, Beyond the Big Test , 60.

Caitlin Macy, AP Tests Are Still a Great American Equalizer , Wall Street Journal, February 22, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/ap-tests-are-still-a-great-american-equalizer-11550854920.

См., например, Caroline Goldenberg, School Removes AP Courses for Incoming Freshmen , Horace Mann Record, June 5, 2018, https://record.horacemann.org/2078/uncategorized/school-removes-ap-courses-for-incoming-freshman-class/.