Фрэнк Мартела - Wonderful Life. Размышления о том, как найти смысл жизни [litres]

Джон Дьюи – американский философ и педагог-реформатор, представитель философского направления прагматизм, считающего практику критерием истины и смысловой значимости.

John Dewey, Human Nature and Conduct (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1922), 196.

Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 1096, 3–4.

Samuel Beckett, Waitingfor Godot (New York: Grove Press, 1954), 80.

Пер. Д. Мороз, О. Тархановой, А.И. Наумова.

Бальтасар Грациан-и-Моралес – испанский прозаик, философ и теоретик литературы, иезуит.

Гуннар Мюрдаль – шведский экономист, лауреат Нобелевской премии по экономике 1974 года.

Tim Urban, “The Tail End,” Wait But Why, December 11, 2015, https://waitbutwhy.c0m/2015/12/the-tail-end.html.

«Феррис Бьюллер берет выходной» (англ. Ferris Bueller’s Day Off) – американский комедийный фильм режиссёра и сценариста Джона Хьюза.

Ferris Bueller’s Day Off, Broderick, Matthew. Directed by John Hughes. Los Angeles: Paramount Pictures, 1986.

«Пэкерс» – Грин-Бей Пэкерс ( англ . Green Bay Packers, «Упаковщики») – профессиональный клуб по американскому футболу из города Грин-Бей, штат Висконсин. Команда была основана в 1919 году.

This distinction between idiosyn cratic sources of meaning and universal sources of meaning resembles Calhoun’s distinction between reasons-for-anyone and reasons-for-me. See Cheshire Calhoun, Doing Valuable Time: The Present, the Future, and Meaningful Living (New York: Oxford University Press, 2018).

Перевод Е. Цветковой.

John Dewey, Theory of Valuation (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939).

I develop this theme more in my article Frank Martela, “Moral Philosophers as Ethical Engineers: Limits of Moral Philosophy and a Pragmatist Alternative,” Metaphilosophy 48, no. 1–2 (2017): 58–78.

Edward L. Deci & Richard M. Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits: Human Needs and the Self-Determination of Behavior,” Psychological Inquiry 11, no. 4 (2000), 227–268; Richard M. Ryan & Edward L. Deci, Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness (New York: Guilford Press, 2017). See also my brief introduction to self-determination theory in Frank Martela, “Self-Determination Theory,” in The Wiley-Blackvoell Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences: Vol I. Models and Theories, ed. Bernardo J. Carducci & C.S. Nave (Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, in press).

Deci & Ryan, “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits,” 229.

Перевод Е. Цветковой.

Deci & Ryan “The ‘What’ and ‘Why’ of Goal Pursuits”; Ryan & Deci, Self Determination Theory.

Frank Martela & Richard M. Ryan, “The Benefits of Benevolence: Basic Psychological Needs, Beneficence, and the Enhancement of Weil-Being,” Journal of Personality 84, no. 6 (2016), 750–764.

In particular, while the frustration of the benevolence doesn’t seem to lead to ill-being in the same sense as the frustration of the three established needs does, the satisfaction of the need for benevolence seems to lead to well-being and meaningfulness similarly to the three established needs. Instead of a basic psychological need, perhaps it is a kind of enhancement need. See Martela & Ryan 2019: “Distinguishing Between Basic Psychological Needs And Basic Wellness Enhancers: The Case of Beneficence as a Candidate Psychological Need.” Motivation and Emotion, advance online publication. 10.1007/511031-019-09800.

See especially Frank Martela, Richard M. Ryan & Michael F. Steger, “Meaningfulness as Satisfaction of Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Beneficence: Comparing the Four Satisfactions and Positive Affect as Predictors of Meaning in Life,” Journal of Happiness Studies 19, no. 5 (2018), 1261–1282. The article also provides key references to the most important studies that I’ve seen that have examined these four as sources of meaning. See also Frank Martela & Tapani J.J. Riekki, “Autonomy, Competence, Relatedness, and Beneficence: A Multicultural Comparison of the Four Pathways to Meaningful Work,” Frontiers in Psychology 9 (2018), 1–14.

A more philosophical treatment of this suggestion of building core values upon basic needs can be found in my article F. Martela, “Four reasonable, Self-Justifying Values – How to Identify Empirically Universal Values Compatible with Pragmatist Subjectivism,” Acta Philosophica Fennica, 94 (2018), 101–128.

Israeli Professor Shalom Schwartz has probably done the most comprehensive work on human values around the world, with numerous studies from the 1990s to today involving people from more than a hundred different countries. Autonomy, competence, relatedness, and benevolence find somewhat corresponding values in his list of universal values shared by all cultures: self-direction, achievement, and caring-benevolence, and he readily acknowledges that the “values associated with autonomy, relatedness, and competence show a universal pattern of high importance and high consensus.” Ronald Fischer & Shalom Schwartz, “Whence Differences in Value Priorities? Individual, Cultural, or Artifactual Sources,” Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 42, no. 7 (2011), 1127–1144. There is a degree of dissimilarity between Schwartz’s definition of the relevant values and the basic needs, which has to be taken into account when comparing his values and SDT’s needs. But I still feel that there is enough conceptual similarity to make the conclusion that Schwartz himself makes: That the needs most probably have almost universal appeal. Schwartz notes that benevolence could be divided into two subtypes: dependability which refers to relations with friends and being responsible in them, and caring, which is more about being helpful. See Shalom Schwartz, Jan Cieciuch, Michele Vecchione, Eldad Davidov, Ronald Fischer, Constanze Beierlein et al., “Refining the Theory of Basic Individual Values,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103, no. 4 (2012), 663–688.

Christopher P. Niemiec, Richard M. Ryan & Edward L. Deci, “The Path Taken: Consequences of Attaining Intrinsic and Extrinsic Aspirations in Post-College Life,” Journal of Research in Personality 43, no. 3 (2009), 291–306.

Kauppinen, “Meaningfulness and Time,” 364.

Roy Baumeister & Mark Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as a Fundamental Human Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin, 117, no. 3 (1995). 497–529.