Deborah Rudacille - The Riddle of Gender

the presence of undescended testicles was proof that the girl was really a boy See Alice Domurat Dreger, Hermaphrodites and the Medical Invention of Sex (Cambridge Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1998). See also Susan J. Kessler, Lessons from the Intersexed (New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press, i998).

In 1948, Murray Llewellyn Ban, a Canadian geneticist Murray Barr and Michael Bertram, “A Morphological Distinction between Neurones of the Male and Female and the Behavior of the Nuclear Satellite during Acceler ated Nucleoprotein Synthesis,” Nature 163 (1949): 676-77. See also M. L. Barr, “Some Notes on the Discovery of the Sex Chromatin and Its Clinical Application,” AmericanJournalof Obstetrics and Gynecology 112, no. 2 (Jan uary 15, 1972): 293-96.

The inactivation of one X chromosome in female cells occurs early in embryonic development, between days twelve and sixteen, and the X chromosome that is inactivated is determined randomly. The inactivated chromosome coils and condenses, forming the “Barr body,” which is used to determine chromosomal sex.

It was as a graduate student in the Harvard psychological clink John Money, Gendermaps: Social Constructionism, Feminism, and Sexosophical History (New York: Continuum, 1995), 19. “This case set me on an academic course that would lead to a Ph.D. dissertation on ‘Hermaphroditism: An Inquiry into the Nature of a Human Paradox,’ which allowed me to spend several hours interviewing the youth in question. At that time he was 17 years old. Diagnostically, his case was classified, according to the terminology of the era, on the basis of the presence of two undescended testes and no ovarian tissue, as one of male pseudohermaphroditism with the testicular feminizing syndrome, nowadays known as the androgen insensitivity syndrome.”

It pointed clearly toward the principle of a discontinuity Ibid.

The term “gender role “ was conceived “after several burnings of the midnight oil” Ibid., 20—21.

In this more fully articulated definition J. Money, J. Hampson, and J. Hamp-son, “An Examination of Some Basic Sexual Concepts: The Evidence of Human Hermaphroditism,” Bulletin of the Johns Hopkins Hospital 97 (1955): 302.

instinctive masculinity and instinctive femininity are present Ibid.

there was considerable evidence that visible genital anomalies Ibid., 307.

Once imprinted, a person’s native language Ibid., 310.

By the time that Money and the Hampsons published their next paper J. Money, J. Hampson, and J. Hampson, “Imprinting and the Establishment of Gender Role,” Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 77 (1957): 333—36.

Before contemporary medical interventions John Money, Sex Errors of the Body and Related Syndromes, 2nd. ed. (1968; repr., Baltimore, London, Toronto, Sydney: Paul Brookes Publishing Co., 1994), 6. Diamond and others have pointed out that in his Ph.D. dissertation in 1951, Money expressed a point of view wholly at odds with his later insistence on the devastating psychological effects of anomalous genitalia. In the 1951 dissertation, Money marveled at the psychological resilience and emotional stability of the intersexual patients he encountered. Yet four years later at Johns Hopkins, he described extreme emotional suffering and confusion in a similar group of individuals. Without an explanation by Money, it is hard to account for this rather extreme shift in his interpretation of various data.

I think that many other binaries were structured by that binary Author interview with Stryker, September 2001.

I remember them removing my penis when I was five Hermaphrodites Speak! videocassette produced by the Intersex Society of North America. Available by contacting ISNA at its website, http://www.isna.org.

We’re now seeing plenty of people Author interview with Paul McHugh, M.D., Baltimore, Md., June 2002.

Money had an idea, a real hypothesis Author interview with Ben Barres, M.D., Ph.D., Stanford, Calif., August 2001. ii3 I n a l999 p ap erReiner indicates that his data show W. G. Reiner, “Assignment of Sex in Neonates with Ambiguous Genitalia,” Current Opinions in Pediatrics 4 (August 11, 1999): 363-65. See also W. G. Reiner, “Gender Identity and Sex Reassignment: A Reappraisal for the 21st Century,” Advances in Experiental Medicine and Biology 511 (2002): 175—89.

Besides the rounding out of my hips and the slenderness of my legs Hedy Jo Star, My Unique Change, 13.

my “sissiness” was really inborn femininity Ibid., 24.

The first couple of years on the road Ibid., 53.

Red was a normal man with a normal sexual desire Ibid., 78.

My face was covered dwing the examination with a sheet Ibid., 80.

I was disappointed that I couldn’t have the operation immediately Ibid., 83.

The hormone shots had done wonders Ibid., 89.

The studies that we have made would all indicate Ibid., 91.

I didn’t feel any malice towards the doctors Ibid., 93.

early in 1962, a friend referred her to a doctor in Chicago Ibid., 117. 118 the operation is extremely complex Ibid., 121.

Since the change and my adjustment to it Ibid., 127—28.

By the early sixties, Money had met Benjamin “Memorial,” 16.

Aaron Devor… has been researching Reed Enckson’s life See Aaron H. Devor and Nicholas Matte, “ONE Inc. and Reed Erickson: The Uneasy Collaboration of Gay and Trans Activism, 1964-2003,” GLQ: AJournalof Gay and Lesbian Studies 10, no. 2 (2004): 179—209; Aaron H. Devor, “Erickson Education Foundation,” in The Encyclopedia of Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender History in America (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 2003); Holly Devor, “Reed Erickson (1912—1992): How One Transsexual Man Supported ONE,” in Vern Bullough, ed., Before Stonewall: Activists for Gay and Lesbian Rights in Historical Context (New York: Haworth Press, 2002), 330.

the name of the Erickson Educational Foundation (EEF) came up from time to time Telephone interview with Aaron Devor, Ph.D., June 10, 2002.

Dr. John Money, psychologist at Johns Hopkins Harry Benjamin in Money and Green, Transseuxalism and Sex Reassignment, 7.

for a number of months, maybe even years John Colapinto, As Nature Made Him: The Story of the Boy Who Was Raised as a Girl (New York: HarperCollins, 2000), 36.

The press release announcing the opening of the Johns Hopkins Gender Identity Clinic Issued on November 21,1966.

at “my instigation it had been formally named the Gender Identity Clinic” Money, Gendermaps, 24.

The former… resented its parsimonious approach to patient care See for example Dallas Denny, “The Politics of Diagnosis and a Diagnosis of Politics: The University Gender Clinics and How They Failed to Meet the Needs of Transsexual People,” Chrysalis Quarterly i, no. 3 (1991): 9—20.

The Johns Hopkins transsexual program “Memorial,” 16.

The surgeons were saying to me Author interview with Paul McHugh, Baltimore, Md., June 2002.

The Meyer study Jon K. Meyer and Donna J. Reter, “Sex Reassignment: Follow-Up,” Archives General Psychiatry 36 (August 1979). Other follow-up studies include Michael Fleming, Carol Steinman, and Gene Bocknek, “Methodological Problems in Assessing Sex-Reassignment Surgery: A Reply to Meyer and Reter,” originally published in Archives of Sexual Behavior 9 (1980): 451-56, available online at http://www.symposion.com/ijt/ijtco40i.htm; K. Jarrar, E. Wolff, and W. Weidner, “Long-Term Outcome of Gender Reassignment in Male Transsexuals,” Urologe A 35, no. 4 (July 1996): 331-37; J- Rehman, S. Lazer, A. E. Benet, et al., “The Reported Sex and Surgery Satisfactions of 28 Postoperative Male to Female Transsexual Patients,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 28, no. 1 (February 1999): 71-89; P. Snaith, M. J. Tarsh, and R. Reid, “Sex Reassignment Surgery— A Study of 141 Dutch Transsexuals,” British Journal of Psychiatry 162 (May 1993): 681-85; C. Matekole, M. Freschi, and A. Robin, “A Controlled Study of Psychological and Social Change after Surgical Gender Reassignment in Selected Male Transsexuals,” British Journal of Psychiatry 157 (August 1990): 261-64.