Gabor Maté - In the Realm of Hungry Ghosts - Close Encounters with Addiction

13. Jeffrey M. Schwartz and Sharon Begley, The Mind and the Brain: Neuroplasticity and the Power of Mental Force (New York: ReganBooks, 2002), 112.

14. B. Lipton, The Biology of Belief (Santa Rosa, CA: Elite Books, 2005), 86.

15. M.J. Meaney, “Maternal Care, Gene Expression, and the Transmission of Individual Differences in Stress Reactivity Across Generations,” Annual Review of Neuroscience 24 (2001): 1161–92.

16. C.M. Colvis et al., “Epigenetic Mechanisms and Gene Networks in the Nervous System,” The Journal of Neuroscience 25(45) (9 November 2005), 10379–89.

17. C.S. Barr, “Serotonin Transporter Gene Variation Is Associated with Alcohol Sensitivity in Rhesus Macaques Exposed to Early-Life Stress,” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research 27(5) (May 2003): 812–17.

18. M. Weinstock et al., “Prenatal Stress Effects on Functional Development of the Offspring,” chap. 21 in Progress in Brain Research, vol. 73, Biochemical Basis of Functional Neuroteratology, ed. G.J. Boer (New York: Elsevier, 1988): 319–30.

19. P. Zelkowitz and A. Papageorgiou, “Maternal Anxiety: An Emerging Prognostic Factor in Neonatology,” Acta Paediatr 94(12) (December 2005): 1771–76; C. Sondergaard et al., “Psychosocial Distress During Pregnancy and the Risk of Infantile Colic: A Follow-Up Study,” Acta Paediatr 92(7) (July 2003): 811–16. These are only two examples. The list of animal and human studies on this topic easily extends into the hundreds.

20. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6298909.stm.

21. J.R. Seckl, “Prenatal Glucocorticoids and Long-Term Programming,” European Journal of Endocrinology 151(Suppl 3) (2004): U49–U62, quoted in R. Yehuda et al., “Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90(7): 4115–18.

22. R. Yehuda et al., “Transgenerational Effects of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Babies of Mothers Exposed to the World Trade Center Attacks During Pregnancy,” The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 90(7): 4115–18.

23. K.H. DeTurck and L.A. Pohorecky, “Ethanol Sensitivity in Rats: Effect of Prenatal Stress,” Physiological Behavior 40 (1987): 407–10; L.A. Pohorecky, “Interaction of Ethanol and Stress: Research with Experimental Animals—An Update,” Alcohol & Alcoholism 25(2/3) (1990): 263–76.

24. The New Yorker, 26 June 2006, 76.

CHAPTER 20 “A VOID I’LL DO ANYTHING TO AVOID”

1. Maurice Walsh, trans., The Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya (Boston: Wisdom Publications, 1995), 70.

2. A. Goodman, “Sexual Addiction: Nosology, Diagnosis, Etiology and Treatment,” chap. 30 in Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, by Joyce H. Lowinson et al. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005), 516.

3. M.A. Enoch and D. Goldman, “The Genetics of Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse,” Current Psychiatry Reports 3 (2002): 144–51.

4. M.S. Gold and N.S. Miller, “A Hypothesis for a Common Neurochemical Basis for Alcohol and Drug Disorders,” Psychiatric Clinics of North America 16(1) (1993): 105–17.

5. M.N. Potenza, “The Neurobiology of Pathological Gambling,” Seminars in Clinical Neuropsychiatry 6(3) (July 2001): 217–26.

6. G. Meyer et al., “Neuroendocrine Response to Casino Gambling in Problem Gamblers,” Psychoneuroendocrinology 29(10) (29 November 2004): 1272–80.

7. The Vancouver Sun, 11 July 2006, 1.

8. H.C. Breiter, “Functional Imaging of Neural Responses to Expectancy and Experience of Monetary Gains and Losses,” Neuron 30(2) (2001): 619–39.

9. M.J. Koepp et al., “Evidence for Striatal Dopamine Release During a Video Game,” Nature 393(6682) (21 May 1998): 266–68.

10. G. J. Wang, “The Role of Dopamine in Motivation for Food in Humans: Implications for Obesity,” Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets 6(5) (October 2002): 601–9.

11. C. Colantuoni et al., Excessive Sugar Intake Alters Binding to Dopamine and Mu-opioid Receptors in the Brain,” NeuroReport 12 (2001): 3549–52; “Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Causes Endogenous Opioid Dependence,” Obesity Research 20 (2002): 478–88.

12. A. Drenowski et al., “Nalaxone, an Opiate Blocker, Reduces the Consumption of Sweet High-Fat Foods in Obese and Lean Female Binge-eaters,” American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 61 (1995): 1206–12.

13. Ibid.

14. M.S. Gold and J. Star, Eating Disorders, chap. 27 in Substance Abuse, by Lowinson et al., 470.

15. M. Alonso-Alonso and A. Pascual-Leone, “The Right Brain Hypothesis for Obesity,” JAMA 297(16) (25 April 2007): 1819–22.

16. M. Deppe et. al. “Nonlinear responses within the medial prefrontal cortex reveal when specific implicit information influences economic decision making.” Journal of Neuroimaging , 15(2) (April 2005):171–82.

17. “Study Finds Shopping Bypasses Rational Thought,” The Vancouver Sun , November 8, 2003.

18. Goodman, “Sexual Addiction,” 507.

19. M.N. Potenza, “The Neurobiology of Pathological Gambling.”

CHAPTER 21 TOO MUCH TIME ON EXTERNAL THINGS

1. Lorna Crozier and Patrick Lane, eds., Addicted: Notes from the Belly of the Beast (Vancouver: Graystone Books, 2001), 166.

2. Crozier and Lane, Notes from the Belly of the Beast, 166.

3. These paragraphs on differentiation are quoted and adapted from two of my previous books: chap. 14 of When the Body Says No: The Cost of Hidden Stress (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2004) and chap. 9 of Hold On to Your Kids: Why Parents Need to Matter More Than Peers (Toronto: Vintage Canada, 2005).

4. M.E. Kerr and M. Bowen, Family Evaluation: An Approach Based on Bowen Theory (New York: W. W. Norton, 1988), chap. 4, 89–111, provides a full discussion of differentiation.

CHAPTER 22 POOR SUBSTITUTES FOR LOVE

1. A. Goodman, “Sexual Addiction: Nosology, Diagnosis, Etiology and Treatment,” chap. 30 in Substance Abuse: A Comprehensive Textbook, ed. Joyce H. Lowinson et al. (Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2005), 511.

2. Monique Giard, interview by author.

3. F. Champagne and M.J. Meaney, “Like Mother, Like Daughter: Evidence for Non-genomic Transmission of Parental Behavior and Stress Responsivity,” Prog Brain Res 133 (2001): 287–302.

4. Daniel J. Siegel, “ Cognitive Neuroscience Encounters Psychotherapy ” (notes for a plenary address to the annual meeting of the American Association of Directors of Psychiatric Residency Training, 1996).

5. J.D. Coplan et al., “Persistent Elevations of Cerebrospinal Fluid Concentrations of Corticotrophin-Releasing Factor in Adult Nonhuman Primates Exposed to Early-Life Stressors: Implications for the Pathophysiology of Mood and Anxiety Disorders,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 93 (February 1996): 1619–23.

6. K.T. Brady and S.C. Sonne, “The Role of Stress in Alcohol Use, Alcoholism Treatment, and Relapse,” Alcohol Research and Health 23(4): 263–71.

7. Allan Schore, Affect Regulation and the Origin of the Self: The Neurobiology of Emotional Development (Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, 1994), 378.

8. I. Lissau and T. Sørensen, “Parental Neglect During Childhood and Increased Obesity in Young Adulthood,” Lancet 343 (1994): 324–27.