Мойзес Веласкес-Манофф - Эпидемия стерильности

Maura Pugliatti et al. “Multiple Sclerosis in Sardinia, Insular Italy: The Highest Burden Worldwide?” European Journal of Neurology 17, Suppl. 3 (2010).

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См. репринтное издание оригинальной работы 1949 года: J. B. S. Haldane. “Disease and Evolution” // Krishna R. Dronamraju and Paolo Arese, eds., Emerging Infectious Diseases of the 21st Century. New York: Springer, 2006.

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На острове Сардиния ландшафт распределяется по категориям по уровню малярийности. Не далее как в 30-х годах малярийность прибрежных районов составляла 80%, а это значит, что почти каждый обитатель этого региона был подвержен воздействию P. falciparum . На высоте 600 метров этот малярийный паразит был распространен на 45% территории. В более гористых районах, достигающих высоты 1000 метров, также был небольшой уровень малярийности — около 10%. Все эти значения выведены на основании данных, представленных в предыдущем источнике: Licinio Contu, Carlo Carcassi, Sandro Orrù. “Malaria e genetica popolazionistica” // Sardegna e Malaria: Un nuovo approccio a un antico malanno, ed. Ugo Carcassi and Ida Mura. Sassari, Sardinia: Carlo Delfino Editore, 2009, 151–152.

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Это затопленное поселение называется сейчас Атлит-Ям. I. Hershkovitz et al. “Possible Congenital Hemolytic Anemia in Prehistoric Coastal Inhabitants of Israel”. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 85, № 1 (1991).

См. также S. Sotgiu et al. “Multiple Sclerosis Complexity in Selected Populations: The Challenge of Sardinia, Insular Italy”. European Journal of Neurology 9, № 4 (2002).

Eugenia Tognotti. “La lotta alla malaria in Sardegna. Dalle bonifiche al DDT” // Sardegna e Malaria, 69; Eugenia Tognotti. “Program to Eradicate Malaria in Sardinia, 1946–1950”. Emerging Infectious Diseases 15, № 9 (2009).

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Один из вариантов — TNF-376A — присутствовал у 6,5% сицилийцев. В то же время 51% сардинцев оказались носителями этого варианта. Sebastian A. Wirz et al. “High Frequency of TNF Alleles–238A and –376A in Individuals from Northern Sardinia”. Cytokine 26, № 4 (2004).

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Lisa C. Willcocks et al. “A Defunctioning Polymorphism in FCGR2B Is Associated with Protection against Malaria but Susceptibility to Systemic Lupus Erythematosus”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, № 17 (2010); Kenneth G. C. Smith, Menna R. Clatworthy. “FcgammaRIIB in Autoimmunity and Infection: Evolutionary and Therapeutic Implications”. Nature Reviews Immunology 10, № 5 (2010); Menna R. Clatworthy et al. “Systemic Lupus Erythematosus — associated Defects in the Inhibitory Receptor FcgammaRIIb Reduce Susceptibility to Malaria”. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104, № 17 (2007).

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Erik Corona, Joel T. Dudley, Atul J. Butte. “Extreme Evolutionary Disparities Seen in Positive Selection Across Seven Complex Diseases”. PLoS ONE 5, № 8 (2010).