Джессика Сакс - Микробы хорошие и плохие. Наше здоровье и выживание в мире бактерий

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68 Department of Health and Human Services, Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, Anti-infective Drugs Advisory Committee, 66th meeting, March 4, 1999 (стенограмма).

69 Rexford Ahima et al., “Appetite Suppression and Weight Reduction by a Centrally Active Aminosterol”, Diabetes 51 (2002), 2099–2104.

70 Graham Bell, Pierre-Henri Gouyon, “Arming the Enemy: The Evolution of Resistance to Self-Proteins”, Microbiology 149 (2003), 1367–1375.

71 Jack Lucentini, “Antibiotic Arms Race Heats Up”, Scientist, September 8, 2003, 29.

72 Gabriel Perron, Michael Zasloff, Graham Bell, “Experimental Evolution of Resistance to an Antimicrobial Peptide”, Proceedings of the Royal Society B 273 (2006), 251–256.

73 Charlotte Schubert, “Microbes Overcome Natural Antibiotic”, news@nature.com, November 2, 2005, www.nature.com/news/20 05 / 051031 / full / news051031-5.html.

74 Rubhana Raqib et al., “Improved Outcome in Shigellosis Associated with Butyrate Induction of an Endogenous Peptide Antibiotic”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 9178–9183.

75 Philip Liu et al., “Toll-like Receptor Triggering of a Vitamin D-Mediated Human Antimicrobial Response”, Science 311 (2006), 1770–1773.

76 Emma Harris, “Extreme TB Strain Threatens HIV Victims Worldwide”, Nature 443 (2006), 131.

1 Эпиграф: Theodor Rosebury, Microorganisms Indigenous to Man (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962) 352–353.

2 Интервью, взятые автором у Виктора Низе (Victor Nizet) в ноябре 2006 г.

3 Jesse Wright et al., “The Agr Radiation: An Early Event in the Evolution of Staphylococci”, Journal of Bacteriology 187 (2005), 5585–5594.

4 Jesse Wright, Rhuzong Jim, Richard Novick, “Transient Interference with Staphylococcal Quorum Sensing Blocks Abscess Formation”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 102 (2005), 1691–1696.

5 K. A. Davis, “Ventilator Associated Pneumonia: A Review”, Journal of Intensive Care Medicine 21 (2006), 211–226.

6 Интервью, взятые автором у Ричарда Новика в ноябре 2006 г.

7 Phillip Coburn et al., “Enterococcus faecalis Senses Target Cells and in Response Expresses Cytolysin”, Science 306 (2004), 2270–2272.

8 Интервью, взятое автором у Майкла Гилмора (Michael Gilmore) в ноябре 2006 г.

9 George Liu et al., “Sword and Shield: Linked Group B Streptococcal B-hemolysin/cytolysin and Carotenoid Pigment Function to Subvert

Host Phagocyte Defense”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101 (2004) 14491-14496.

10 Vivekanand Datta et al., “Mutational Analysis of the Group A Streptococcal Operon Encoding Streptolysin S and Its Virulence Role in Invasive Infection”, Molecular Microbiology 56 (2005), 681-95; John Buchanan et al., “Dnase Expression Allows the Pathogen Group A Streptococcus to Escape Killing in Neutrophil Extracellular Traps”, Current Biology 16 (2006), 396–400.

11 Thomas Louie et al., “Tolevamer, a Novel Nonantibiotic Polymer, Compared with Vancomycin in the Treatment of Mild to Moderately Severe Clostridium difficile-Associated Diarrhea”, Clinical Infectious Diseases 43 (2006), 411–420.

12 Личное сообщение Дэвида Дэвидсона (David Davidson, старший медицинский директор корпорации Genzyme) автору в ноябре 2006 г.

13 Критики вакцин, подавляющих патогенность, разработали математические модели, указывающие на то, что такие вакцины могут привести даже к повышению патогенности, предотвращая “наказание” патогенных штаммов смертью хозяев. Но результаты реального применения таких вакцин, например противодифтерийной, оказались прямо противоположными. См.: Benoit Soubeyrand, Stanley Plotkin, “Microbial Evolution: Antitoxin Vaccines and Pathogen Virulence”, Nature 414 (2001), 751–756.

14 “Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae Disease”, disease listing, National Center for Infectious Diseases /Division of Bacterial and Mycotic Diseases, October 6, 2005.

15 Moe Kyaw et al., “Effect of Introduction of the Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine on Drug-Resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae”, New England Journal of Medicine 354 (2006), 1455–1524.

16 Henry Shinefield et al., “Use of Staphylococcus aureus Conjugate Vaccine in Patients Receiving Hemodialysis”, New England Journal of Medicine 346 (2002) 491–496.

17 Yukiko Stranger-Jones et al., “Vaccine Assembly from Surface Proteins of Staphylococcus aureus ” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 103 (2006), 16942-16947.

18 Интервью, взятые автором у Юкико Стрейнджер-Джонс в ноябре – декабре 2006 г.

19 D. G. Brockstedt et al., “Killed but Metabolically Active Microbes: A New Vaccine Paradigm for Eliciting Effector T-cell Responses and Protective Immunity”, Nature Medicine 11 (2005), 853–860.

20 N. Porat et al., “Emergence of Penicillin-Nonsusceptible Streptococcus pneumoniae Clones Expressing Serotypes Not Present in the Antipneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine”, Journal of Infectious Diseases 190 (2004), 2154–2161.

21 Grace Lee et al., “Pertussis in Adolescents and Adults: Should We Vaccinate?” Pediatrics 115 (2005), 1675–1684.

22 Haemophilus Influenzae Type b (Hib) Vaccine: What You Need to Know (Atlanta: Centers for Disease Control, 2006).

23 Heikki Peltola, “Worldwide Haemophilus influenzae Type b Disease at the Beginning of the 21st Century”, Clinical Microbiology Reviews 13 (2000), 302–317.

24 Elie Metchnikoff, The Prolongation of Life (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908).

25 Sherwood Gorbach, “The Discovery of Lactobacillus GG” Nutrition Today 31 (1996), 2S – 4S.

26 H. L. DuPont, “Prevention of Diarrhea by the Probiotic Lactobacillus GG” Journal ofPediatrics 134 (1999), 1–2; T. Arvola et al., “Prophylactic Lactobacillus GG Reduces Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea in Children with Respiratory Infections: A Randomized Study”, Pediatrics 104 (1999), e64; E. Hilton et al., “Efficacy of Lactobacillus GG as a Diarrheal Preventive in Travelers”, Journal of Travel Medicine 4 (1997), 41–43; J. A. Billier et al., “Treatment of Recurrent Clostridium difficile Colitis with Lactobacillus GG” Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 21 (1995), 224–226.