Array Сборник статей - Нации и этничность в гуманитарных науках. Этнические, протонациональные и национальные нарративы. Формирование и репрезентация

Ключевые слова: Ближний Восток; Иран; «Арабская весна»; «Исламское пробуждение»; «Исламская революция»; внешняя политика Ирана; Хаменеи.

AYATOLLAH ALI KHAMENEI: «ISLAMIC AWAKENING» VS «ARAB SPRING»

As a result of the outbreak of the «Arab Spring», which led to a major transformation in the political structure of the Middle East, it was considered a next stage of the Islamic Revolu-tion in Iran, which began in 1979. However, in order to avoid criticism from the international community, Khamenei put forward the concept of «Islamic awakening», seeking thereby to demonstrate that it was not the desire of the Iranian authorities to revolutionize the Muslim world in the Middle East. On the contrary, the process was caused by internal factors and by the course of events in the development of these societies.

The general character of the movements that swept over the region, according to Khamenei, can be summarized in three main slogans: anti-Americanism (anti-Western), anti-Zionism and Islamic democracy.

According to Khamenei, Iran became the first country that decided to break up with a humiliating dependence on the West and overthrow the pro-Western regime.

Challenges faced by the Islamic world today, were resolved in Iran, which embarked on the path of the Islamic Revolution in 1979.

If other nations perceive the experience of the Iranian people, it will be of benefit not only to Iran, but also to regional countries, because a single Muslim nation (umma) will have been formed, and eventually all countries will have established the Islamic government.

Such an end of mass popular movements throughout the Middle East, according to Khamenei, will lead not only to regional but also to global transformation of the international system.

In connection with the collapse of the American policy of global hegemony, the world will become multipolar. Unified Islamic Umma will be formed in the Middle East there, which will return to their cultural roots. This means a major transformation of the region, because the departure of the United States will leave Israel alone with the Islamic world.

Based on the possible prospects of Islamic awakening, Khamenei warns Muslims that their ultimate goals can cause rejection and resistance on the part of those who would seek to keep the old order of things.

In practice, this should mean support for Islamic parties where they have come to power as a result of its change and the holding of parliamentary elections.

Iran must adhere to its tough stance on the issue of avoiding interference in the affairs of the region of extra-regional forces, and, furthermore, it must oppose military intervention into any Muslim state of the region.

Keywords: the Middle East; Iran; Arab Spring; Islamic awakening; Islamic revolution; Ayatollah Ali Khamenei; foreign policy of Iran.

СПИСОК ЛИТЕРАТУРЫ

1. Встреча руководителей режима и гостей конференции исламского единства. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/ru/index.php?p=contentShow&id= 11413 (дата обращения -19.01.2014).

2. Мирский Г. И. Международные отношения на Ближнем Востоке // Азия и Африка в современной мировой политике. М.: ИМЭМО РАН, 2012. С. 77–95.

3. Friday prayers at Tehran University. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=7774 (дата обращения – 16.11.2012).

4. Imam Khomeini, father of Islamic Awakening. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/index. php?p=contentShow&id=9483 (дата обращения – 25.11.2012).

5. Meeting with young Muslims from 73 countries. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/index. php?p=contentShow&id=9066 (дата обращения – 28.11.2012).

6. Supreme Leader s Inaugural Speech at the 16th Non-Aligned Summit. URL: www.leader. ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=9708 (дата обращения – 30.08.2012).

7. Supreme Leader Meets with Teachers and Professors of North Khorasan. URL: www.leader. ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=10017 (дата обращения – 11.10.2012).

8. Supreme Leader s Speech in Meeting with Participants of International Congress on Takfirism. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id= 12682 (дата обращения -25.11.2014).

9. US defeats in region to continue. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=7901 (дата обращения – 18.11.2012).

10. Vigilance movements to continue to very heart of Europe. URL: www.leader.ir/langs/en/ index.php?p=contentShow&id=8049 (дата обращения – 04.05.2011).

REFERENCES

1. "Friday prayers at Tehran University”. www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=7774 (date of access: 16.11.2012).

2. “Imam Khomeini, father of Islamic Awakening”, www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=9483 (date of access: 25.11.2012).

3. “Meeting with young Muslims from 73 countries”, www.leader.ir/langs/en/index. php?p=contentShow&id=9066 (date of access: 28.11.2012).

4. Mirskij Georgij. “Mezhdunarodnye otnoshenija na Blizhnem Vostoke”, in Azija i Afrika v sovremennoj mirovojpolitike. Moscow: IMEMO RAN Publ., 2012. P. 77 – 95. (in Russian).

5. “Supreme Leader’s Inaugural Speech at the 16th Non-Aligned Summit”, leader.ir/langs/ en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=9708 (date of access: 30.08.2012).

6. “Supreme Leader Meets with Teachers and Professors of North Khorasan”. www.leader. ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id=10017 (date of access: 11.10.2012).

7. “Supreme Leader’s Speech in Meeting with Participants of International Congress on Takfirism”. www.leader.ir/langs/en/index.php?p=contentShow&id= 12682 (date of access: 25.11.2014).

8. “US defeats in region to continue”. www.leader.ir/langs/en/index. php?p=contentShow&id=7901 (date of access: 18.11.2012).

9. “Vigilance movements to continue to very heart of Europe”, www.leader.ir/langs/en/ index.php?p=contentShow&id=8049 (date of access: 04.05.201l).

10. “Vstrecha rukovoditelej rezhima i gostej konferencii islamskogo edinstva”. www.leader. ir/langs/ru/index.php?p=contentShow&id= 11413 (date of access: 19.01.2014). (in Russian).

Панченко А. Б.

Великие реформы 1860-х гг. запустили множество процессов, направленных на модернизацию Российской империи, превращение ее в по-настоящему европейскую державу. Помимо трансформаций в социальной и экономической сферах, серьезные изменения должны были произойти и в области национального вопроса. Правительство оказалось перед альтернативой – создание национального государства (по образцу Франции) либо строительство полиэтничной империи, в которой народы могли обладать различными правами (отчасти по образцу Британской империи). Не останавливаясь на дискуссиях, связанных с решением этой дилеммы, хотелось бы обратиться к двум вариантам репрезентации существующего этнического многообразия, отражающим запрос общества на знакомство с народами империи, их особенностями, обычаями и традициями. Нами целенаправленно не рассматриваются работы по этнографии отдельных народов, опубликованные в специализированных научных изданиях (публикации Русского географического общества, «Известия» различных научных обществ и т. д.), поскольку они выходили крайне ограниченным тиражом и были рассчитаны скорее на профессионалов, нежели на широкую публику, а потому не могли формировать массовые представления.