Брендан Симмс - Европа. Борьба за господство

Quoted in Karl Nehring, Matthias Corvinus, Kaiser Friedrich III und das Reich. Zum hunyadisch-habsburgischen Gegensatz im Donauerraum (Munich, 1975), p. 130.

Gerhard Benecke, Maximilian I 1459–1519. An analytical biography (London, Boston, Melbourne and Henley, 1982), pp. 141–6.

Peter Schmid, Der gemeine Pfennig von 1495. Vorgeschichte und Entstehung, verfassungsgeschichtliche, politische und nanzielle Bedeu-tung (Göttingen, 1989).

Whaley, Germany and the Holy Roman Empire, pp. 67–80 and passim.

Cited in Branka Magaš, Croatia through history (London, 2008), p. 90. On the initial response of the German Diet to the Ottoman threat see Stephen A. Fischer-Galati, Ottoman imperialism and German Protestantism, 1521–1555 (New York, 1972 repr.), pp. 10–17. I am very grateful to Miss Andrea Fröhlich for sharing her expertise on early sixteenth-century Hungary with me.

Thomas Nicklas, Um Macht und Einheit des Reiches. Konzeption und Wirklichkeit der Politik bei Lazarus von Schwendi (1522–1583) (Husum, 1995), with quotations on pp. 113–14, 116 and 121.

Quoted in Weston F. Cook, The hundred years war for Morocco. Gunpowder and the military revolution in the Early Modern Muslim world (Boulder, San Francisco and Oxford, 1994), p. 83.

Felipe Fernández-Armesto, Columbus (Oxford, 1991), pp. 46 and 153–5.

Abbas Hamdani, ‘Columbus and the recovery of Jerusalem’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 99, 1 (Jan. – Mar. 1979), pp. 39–48 (p. 43). Реакция турок: Andrew Hess, ‘The evolution of the Ottoman seaborne empire in the age of the oceanic discoveries, 1453–1525’, American Historical Review, 75, 7 (1970), pp. 1892–1919, especially pp. 1894 and 1899 (encirclement), 1905 and 1908 (Indian Ocean).

Robert Finlay, ‘Crisis and crusade in the Mediterranean: Venice, Portugal, and the Cape Route to India (1498–1509)’, in Robert Finlay, Venice besieged. Politics and diplomacy in the Italian wars 1494–1534 (Aldershot, 2008), pp. 45–90.

Hugh Thomas, Rivers of gold. The rise of the Spanish Empire (London and New York, 2003), pp. 540–54.

Patrick Karl O’Brien and Leandro Prados de la Escosura, ‘Balance sheets for the acquisition, retention and loss of European empires overseas’, Itinerario, XXIIII (1999), p. 28 and passim. The quotation is in Lynch, Spain under the Habsburgs, p. 38.

Hans-Joachim König, ‘Plus ultra – Ein Weltreichs – und Eroberungsprogramm? Amerika und Europa in politischen Vorstellungen im Spanien Karls V’, in Alfred Kohler, Barbara Haider and Christine Ottner (eds.), Karl V 1500–1558. Neue Perspektiven seiner Herrschaft in Europa und Übersee (Vienna, 2002), pp. 197–222, especially pp. 203–4.

Вопреки мнению: Hugh Thomas, The golden empire. Spain, Charles V and the creation of America (New York, 2011), pp. 362–3, 370–72 and passim (figures for distribution of gold p. 511).

The English parliamentarians are cited in Thomas Cogswell, The Blessed revolution. English politics and the coming of war, 1621–1624 (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 72–3. Rudyerd is cited in J. H. Elliott, The Old World and the New 1492–1650 (Cambridge, 1992) pp. 90–91.

О важности соперничества за торговлю табаком: homas Cogswell, ‘“In the power of the state”: Mr Anys’s project and the tobacco colonies, 1626–1628’, The English Historical Review, CXX–III, 500 (2008), pp. 35–64.

Susan Hardman Moore, Pilgrims. New World settlers and the call of home (New Haven and London, 2007).

О важности Пфальца, протестантстве и христианской Европе: Francis J. Bremer, Puritan crisis. New England and the English Civil Wars, 1630–1670 (New York and London, 1989), pp. 27–32, 36–42, 45–50, 55–60, 63–4, 84–7 and 237–9 (quotations pp. 63 and 137). Perry Miller, The New England mind. From colony to province (Harvard, 1953), p. 25, подчеркивает, что холм Уинтропа должны были видеть в Европе. Winthrop on Bohemia is cited in Francis J. Bremer, John Winthrop. America’s forgotten founding father (New York and Oxford, 2003), p. 137.

Christoph Kampmann, ‘Peace impossible? The Holy Roman Empire and the European state system in the seventeenth century’, in Olaf Asbach and Peter Schröder (eds.), War, the state and international law in seventeenth-century Europe (Farnham, 2010), pp. 197–210.

Michael Rohrschneider, Der gescheiterte Frieden von Münster. Spaniens Ringen mit Frankreich auf dem Westfälischen Friedenskongress (1643–1649) (Münster, 2007), pp. 90 and 307–11.

Karsten Ruppert, Die kaiserliche Politik auf dem westfälischen Friedenskongress (1643–1648) (Münster, 1979), pp. 39–42 and 115–16.

Quoted in Andreas Osiander, The state system of Europe, 1640–1990. Peacemaking and the conditions of international stability (Oxford, 1994), p. 74.

Lothar Höbelt, Ferdinand III. Friedenskaiser wider Willen (Graz, 2008), pp. 224–9.

K. J. Holsti’s hugely influential International politics. A framework for analysis, 4th edn (Englewood Cliffs, 1983), pp. 4 and 83–4. For a more recent enunciation of this view see Thomas G. Weiss, Humanitarian intervention. Ideas in action (Cambridge, 2007), p. 14.

Article 8. The text of the treaty can be found in Clive Parry (ed.), The consolidated treaty series (New York, 1969), pp. 198–356.

Joachim Whaley, ‘A tolerant society? Religious toleration in the Holy Roman Empire, 1648–1806’, in Ole Grell and Roy Porter (eds.), Toleration in Enlightenment Europe (Cambridge, 2000), pp. 175–95, especially pp. 176–7.

Derek Croxton, ‘The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the origins of sovereignty’, International History Review, 21, 3 (1999) pp. 569–91 (quotations pp. 589–90).

Andreas Osiander, ‘Sovereignty, international relations, and the Westphalian myth’, International Organization, 55 (2001), pp. 251–87; Stéphane Beaulac, ‘The Westphalian legal orthodoxy – myth or reality?’, Journal of the History of International Law, 2 (2000), pp. 148–77; and Stephen D. Krasner, ‘Westphalia and all that’, in Judith Goldstein and Robert O. Keohane (eds.), Ideas and foreign policy. Beliefs, institutions and political change (Ithaca and London, 1993), p. 235. Социологический взгляд: Benno Teschke, The myth of 1648. Class, geopolitics, and the making of modern international relations (London and New York, 2003).

Peter Englund, Die Verwüstung Deutschlands. Eine Geschichte des dreissigjährigen Krieges (Stuttgart, 1998), especially pp. 343–63, and Thomas Robisheaux, Rural society and the search for order in Early Modern Germany (Cambridge, 1989), pp. 201–26.

Ian Roy, ‘England turned Germany? The aftermath of the Civil War in its European context’, Transactions of the Royal Historical Society, Fifth Series, 28 (1978), pp. 127–44 (especially pp. 127–30).