Маркус Редикер - Корабль рабов

403. Captain John Adams. Sketches taken during Ten Voyages to Africa, Between the Years 1786 and 1800; including Observations on the Country between Cape Palmas and the River Congo; and Cursory Remarks on the Physical and Moral Character of the Inhabitants. London, 1823; rpt. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1970. P. 9.

404. Voyage to Guinea, Antego, Bay of Campeachy, Cuba, Barbadoes, &c. (1714-1723), Add. Ms. 39946, ff. 9-10, BL; Mouser B., ed. The Log of the Sandown. P. 103; The Slave Trade at Calabar, 1700-1705 // Donnan II. P. 15; Information of James Towne // Substance. P. 236.

405. Falconbridge A. An Account of the Slave Trade. P. 28; Examination of Rice Harris (1733), HCA 1/56, ff. 73-74; Testimony of James Arnold, 1789 // HCSP, 69:126.

406. Aubrey T. The Sea-Surgeon, or the Guinea Man’s Vade Месит. In which is laid down, The Method of curing such Diseases as usually happen Abroad, especially on the Coast of Guinea: with the best way of treating Negroes, both in Health and in Sickness. Written for the Use of young Sea-Surgeons. London, 1729. P. 129-32; Atkins J. AVoy age to Guinea. P. 60; Testimony of Trotter, 1790 // HCSP, 73:84-85.

Много случаев отношения к смерти среди африканцев исследовано с большим пониманием, см.: Brown V. The Reaper’s Garden: Death and Power in the World of Atlantic Slavery. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, forthcoming.

См. также: Kiple K. F. The Caribbean Slave: A Biological History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984. P. 1-75.

Полезным резюме обширных исследований о смертности в работорговле является работа: Klein Н. S. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. P. 130-142.

407. Testimony of Fraser, 1790 // HCSP, 71:58; Falconbridge A. An Account of the Slave Trade. P. 32; Testimony of Falconbridge, 1790 // HCSP, 72:303.

408. Extracts of such Journals of the Surgeons employed in Ships trading to the Coast of Africa, since the first of August 1788, as have been transmitted to the Custom House in London, and which relate to the State of the Slaves during the Time they were on Board the Ships. Slave Trade Papers, 3 May 1792, HL/ PO/JO/10/7/920; Log-books, etc. of slave ships, 1791-7. Main Papers, 17-19 June 1799, Hl/PO/JO/10/7/1104; Certificates of Slaves Taken Aboard Ships, 1794, HL/PO/JO/lO/7/982, все находятся в HLRO.

Следует отметить, что далеко не все врачи перечислили причины смерти; архивы содержат более восьмидесяти шести журналов. Некоторые из этих журналов (хотя и не все) легли в основу исследования Ричарда X. Штекеля и Ричарда А. Йенсена: Steckel R. Я, Jensen R. A. New Evidence on the Causes of Slave and Crew Mortality in the Atlantic Slave Trade // Journal of Economic History. 1986. No 46. P. 57-77.

409. Trotter T. Observations on the Scurvy, with a Review of the Theories lately advanced on that Disease; and the Theories of Dr. Milman refuted from Practice. London, 1785; Philadelphia, 1793. P. 14; Captain James Penny to Miles Barber, July 1,1784, Baillie v. Hartley, E 219/377, NA; Case of the Mermaid, July 10, 1739 // Donnan III. P. 51-52; Philmore J. Two Dialogues on the Man-Trade. London, 1760. P. 34-35; Fnedenberg Z. B. Medicine Under Sail. Annapolis, Md.: Naval Institute Press, 2002.

О медицинском журнале, в котором корабельный врач Кристофер Боуз вел учет больных на борту «Лорда Стэнли» в 1792 г., см.: Medical Log of Slaver the ‘Lord Stanley’, 1792.

Боуз лечил 33 человек: 24 мужчин, 3 мальчиков, 3 женщин и 3 девочек — от различных недугов, среди которых диарея, тремор, дизентерия, лихорадка, боли (кишечник, грудь, колено, лодыжка, голова), 16 из них умерли: трое на берегу и тринадцать во время Среднего пути (из 392 человек на борту). Этот корабль имел сравнительно низкий уровень смертности — чуть более 4%. См.: TSTD, #82365.

410. Anonymous Account, Add. Ms. 59777B, f. 39V; Owen N. Journal of a Slave-Dealer: A View of Some Remarkable Axedents in the Life of Nics. Owen on the Coast of Africa and America from the Year 1746 to the Year 1757 / ed. Eveline Martin. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1930. P. 90; Winterbottom T. An Account of the Native Africans in the Neighbourhood of Sierra Leone, to which is added An Account of the Present State of Medicine among them. London, 1803; rpt. London: Frank Cass & Co., 1969, Vol. I. P.236.

См. также: Atkins f. A Voyage to Guinea. P. 79, 101; Matthews J. A Voyage to the River Sierra Leone. P. 123; Curtin Ph. Epidemiology and the Slave Trade // Political Science Quarterly. 1968. No 83. P. 190-216; Kiple K., Higgins B. Mortality Caused by Dehydration during the Middle Passage // J. Inikori, S. Engerman, eds. The Atlantic Slave Trade: Effects on Economies, Societies, and Peoples in Africa, the Americas, and Europe. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 1992. P. 322-331; Sheridan R. B. The Guinea Surgeons on the Middle Passage: The Provision of Medical Services in the British Slave Trade // International Journal of African Historical Studies. 1981. No 14. P. 601-625; Fett Sh. Wording Cures: Healing, Health, and Power on Southern Slave Plantations. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002.

411. Richard Simsons Voyage to the Straits of Magellan & S. Seas in the Year 1689. Sloane 86, BL, f. 57; Smith W. A New Voyage to Guinea: Describing the Customs, Manners, Soil, Climate, Habits, Buildings, Education, Manual Arts, Agriculture, Trade, Employments, Languages, Ranks of Distinction, Habitations, Diversions, Marriages, and whatever else is memorable among the Inhabitants. London, 1744; rpt. London: Frank Cass &Co., 1967. P. 28; Snelgrave W. A New Account. P. 187-188; Atkins J. Voyage to Guinea. P. 72.

Джон Адамс также использовал аналогию с Вавилонской башней при обсуждении разнообразия западноафриканских языков. См.: Adams J. Sketches taken during Ten Voyages to Africa. P. 64. См. также: Thornton J. Africa and Africans in the Making of the Atlantic World, 1400-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992; 2nd ed., 1998. P. 19-20,183-205.

412. Snelgrave W. A New Account. P. 177-80; Testimony of Claxton // HCSP, 82:36; Testimony of Fraser // HCSP, 71:13; Testimony of Falconbridge // HCSP, 69:48.

413. (Thomas Thompson). Memoirs of an English Missionary to the Coast of Guinea. London, 1788. P. 28-29.

414. Testimony of James Rigby, 1799 // HSLP, 3:88; [Thompson 71]. Memoirs. P. 28-29; Testimony of William Mcintosh, 1789 // HCSP, 68:194; Winterbottom T. An Account of the Native Africans. 1:11 ; Thornton J. Africa and Africans. Ch. 7.

См. также: Окоп Edet Uya. The Middle Passage and Personality Change Among Diaspora Africans // J. E. Harris, ed. Global Dimensions of the African Diaspora. Washington, D.C.: Howard University Press, 1993, 2nd ed. P. 87.

415. Falconbridge A. I I HCSP, 72:294; Linebaugh P. All the Atlantic Mountains Shook // Labour / Le Travail. 1982. No 10. P. 87-121.

416. Robinson S. A Sailor Boy’s Experience. P. 78; Three Years Adventures. P. 136. См. также: Testimony of Olderman // HLSP, 3:175; Matthews J. A Voyage to the River Sierra Leone. P. 99; Testimony of Trotter // HCSP, 73:84.