Rodric Braithwaite - Afgantsy

25 See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carter_Doctrine.

26 G. Dorronosoro, Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (New York, 2005), p. 192, fn.

27 Z. Brzezinski, ‘Reflections on Soviet Intervention in Afghanistan’, 26 December 1979 ( http://www.cnn.com/SPECIALS/cold.war/episodes/20/documents/brez.carter/).

28 Coll, Ghost Wars , p. 44; Brzezinski interview with Le Nouvel Observateur , 15–21 January 1998 ( http://www.globalresearch.ca/articles/BRZ110A.html).

29 Daily Telegraph , 14 January 1985.

30 J. Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago, 2006), pp. 488–90.

31 Memorandum of 6 December 1984, quoted in Coll, Ghost Wars , p. 102. The point about the politicisation of American support for the mujahedin was made to me by Artemy Kalinovsky.

32 They base themselves primarily on Brzezinski’s interview with Le Nouvel Observateur in January 1998.

33 A. Lyakhovski, Cold War International History Working Paper No. 51: Inside the Soviet Invasion of Afghanistan and the Seizure of Kabul, December 1979 , Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, January 2007, p. 64.

34 G. Feifer, The Great Gamble: The Soviet War in Afghanistan (New York, 2009), p. 97.

35 V. Kryuchkov, Lichnoe delo , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1996), Vol. 1, p. 207.

36 Private information.

1 I. Chernobrovkin, ‘Desyat gorkikh let’ ( http://www.centrasia.ru/newsA.php4?st=1091161680).

1 A. Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana (Moscow, 2004), p. 251; D. Gai and V. Snegirev, Vtorzhenie (Moscow, 1991), p. 91.

2 I. Tukharinov, Sekretny komandarm ( http://www.rsva.ru/biblio/prose_af/secret_com/index.shtml).

3 A. Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1980–1992’, PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2009.

4 Some 155 officers died between 1946 and 1950 in the Chinese civil war; 168 during the Korean War; twelve during the fighting in Vietnam between 1965 and 1974; seven from accidents and illness in Cuba in 1962–4; eighteen in the wars between the Arabs and the Israelis in 1967–74; twenty-three in Ethiopia; forty during the fighting along the frontier with China in 1969: G. Krivosheev, Rossia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka: Poteri vooruzhennykh sil (Moscow, 2001), pp. 521–34.

5 Ibid., p. 537.

6 Anatoli Yermolin, conversation, Warsaw, September 2006.

7 Alexander Kartsev, interviews, and material from his memoir Shelkovy put (privately published, 2004).

8 O. Caroe, The Pathans (New York, 1964), p. 320.

9 According to the UN, more than half of Afghanistan’s gross domestic product in 2005 came from the production of drugs. In many parts of the country ‘opium was the only commercially viable crop’, UNODC Afghanistan Opium Survey 2005 ( http://www.unodc.org/newsletter/en/200504/page008.html).

10 A. Prokhanov, Tretii tost (Moscow, 2003), p. 61.

11 M. Townsend, ‘I Could Feel the Breeze as the Bullets Went By’, Observer , 5 August 2007.

12 A. Kartsev, Voenny razvedchik (Moscow, 2007), p. 47.

13 Yu. Lapshin, Afganski dnevnik (Moscow, 2004), p. 62.

14 Gai and Snegirev, Vtorzhenie , p. 236; Lapshin, Afganski dnevnik , p. 101.

15 L. Grau, ‘The Soviet-Afghan War: Superpower Mired in the Mountains’ ( http://www.smallwars.quantico.usmc.mil/search/LessonsLearned/afghanistan/miredinmount.asp); V. Korolev, ‘Uroki voiny v Afganistane 1979–1989 godov’ ( http://www.sdrvdv.org/node/159).

16 S. Kozlov (ed.), SpetsNaz GRU: Afganistan (Moscow, 2009), p. 25; ‘Istoria SpetsNaza GRU’ ( http://bratishka.ru/specnaz/gru/history.php); ‘Afganistan’ ( http://www.agentura.ru/dossier/russia/gru/imperia/specnaz/afgan/).

17 Lecture by General Vadim Kokorin, Chief of Intelligence of the 40th Army 1985–7: copy kindly given to me by Colonel Ruslan Kyryliuk.

18 Igor Morozov, interviews, Moscow, 19 February 2007 and 11 March 2010; http://www.agentura.ru/specnaz/bezopasnost/kaskad/; ‘Nezavisimoe Voennoe Obozrenie’ ( http://nvo.ng.ru/spforces/2000–09–22/7_kaskader.html); R. Kipling, Stalky & Co . (London, 1899), p. 257.

19 L. Kucherova, SpetsNaz KGB v Afganistane (Moscow, 2009), pp. 321 and 319.

20 V. Kharichev, ‘Pogranichniki—v ognennoi voine Afganistana’ ( http://pv-afghan.ucoz.ru/publ/ctati/1).

21 V. Ogryzko, Pesni afganskogo pokhoda (Moscow, 2000), pp. 30–31.

22 Lecture by General Vadim Kokorin.

23 According to Gorelov, the Soviet military adviser in Afghanistan at the beginning of the war, the Afghans had ten divisions, 145,000 men, 650 tanks, eighty-seven infantry fighting vehicles, 780 armoured personnel carriers, 1,919 guns, 150 aircraft, and twenty-five helicopters.

24 M. Galeotti, Afghanistan: The Soviet Union’s Last War (London, 1995), p. 7.

25 The first figure is from M. Urban, War in Afghanistan (London, 1990), p. 106; the second from G. Dorronosoro, Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (New York, 2005), p. 188.

26 Valeri Shiryaev, interview, Moscow, 12 March 2010.

27 G. Bobrov, Soldatskaya saga (Moscow, 2007), pp. 237–40.

28 Ogryzko, Pesni afganskogo pokhoda , p. 49.

29 V. Kryuchkov, Lichnoe delo , 2 vols. (Moscow, 1996), Vol. 1, p. 213.

30 Gai and Snegirev, Vtorzhenie , p. 137.

31 Ibid., p. 113.

32 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2009, p. 450; M. Kakar, Afghanistan: The Soviet Invasion and the Afghan Response, 1979–1982 (Berkeley, CA, 1995), pp. 114–19.

33 Tukharinov, Sekretny komandarm .

34 Lapshin, Afganski dnevnik , p. 101.

35 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 1995 ( http://www.rsva.ru/biblio/prose_af/afgan_tragedy_and_glory/index.shtml).

36 V. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe , 7 vols. (Moscow, 2001), Vol. 5, pp. 117–29.

37 Tukharinov, Sekretny komandarm .

38 J. Prados, Safe for Democracy: The Secret Wars of the CIA (Chicago, 2006), pp. 488.

39 M. Yousaf and M. Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap (Barnsley, 1992), p. 208.

40 ‘Dalnyaya aviatsia Rossii’ ( www.sinopa.ee/davia003/dav03.htm).

41 Krivosheev, Rossia i SSSR v voinakh XX veka , p. 539.

42 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, pp. 766–7.

43 See http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=16922.

44 Air Assault Comes to Afghanistan ( http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?16922-(Soviet)-Air-Assault-Comes-to-Afghanistan-1984).

45 B. Gromov, Ogranichenny kontingent (Moscow, 1994) ( http://www.rsva.ru/biblio/prose_af/limited_contingent/index.shtml).

1 Martha Brill Olcott, ‘Soviet Islam and World Revolution’, World Politics , Vol. 23, No. 2, July 1982, p. 488, quoted in A. Kalinovsky, ‘Intruder in the “Communal Apartment”: The Afghan War, Soviet Muslims, and the Collapse of the USSR’, paper prepared for the HY510 seminar, London School of Economics, 11 November 2009.

2 These aid figures come from A. Kalinovsky, ‘The Blind Leading the Blind: Soviet Advisors, Counter-insurgency and Nation-Building in Afghanistan’, paper prepared for HY510 seminar, London School of Economics, 11 February 2009, and A. Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1980–1992’, PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2009, p. 120.