Rodric Braithwaite - Afgantsy

10 The story was told by Najibullah, who was present: D. Gai and V. Snegirev, Vtorzhenie (Moscow, 1991), p. 365. Snegirev later added that Karmal subsequently hotly denied that he had said any such thing: V. Snegirev, Ryzhy (Moscow, 2000), p. 132.

11 Chernyaev, Sovmestny iskhod , diary entry for 16 October 1985, p. 647.

12 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

13 Chernyaev, Sovmestny iskhod , diary entries for 4 April 1985 and 17 October 1985, pp. 617 and 650.

14 Kryuchkov, Lichnoe delo , Vol. 1, p. 227.

15 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

16 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, p. 532.

17 A. Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS (Moscow, 2006), p. 47: Politburo meeting of 29 May 1986, notes taken by Svetlana Savranskaya, in the Gorbachev Foundation.

18 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

19 Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS , p. 68; Prados, Safe for Democracy , p. 488.

20 B. Gromov, Ogranichenny kontingent (Moscow, 1994) ( http://www.rsva.ru/biblio/prose_af/limited_contingent/index.shtml); Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS , p. 108: notes taken by Svetlana Savranskaya, in the Gorbachev Foundation.

21 Notes on Politburo meetings of 21–22 January 1987 and 22 February 1987, Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS , pp. 136–8 and 149: notes taken by Svetlana Savranskaya, in the Gorbachev Foundation.

22 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

23 Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS , pp. 190–93.

24 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’, quoting Matlock; Jack Matlock, emails to author, 27–28 February 2010.

25 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

26 S. Coll, Ghost Wars (London, 2005), p. 168.

27 Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’, quoting from Soviet record of conversation between Reagan and Gorbachev on 9 December 1987 in National Security Archive, READD/RADD collection.

28 Jack Matlock, email to author, 27 February 2010.

29 Chernyaev, Sovmestny iskhod , diary entry for 1 April 1988, p. 749.

30 Ibid., diary entry for 20 September 1988, p. 765.

31 Literaturnaya Gazeta , 18 April 1990, quoted in Gai and Snegirev, Vtorzhenie , p. 307.

32 Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS , pp. 336–8.

33 Helen Womack, a British journalist, travelled with the column. This detail is from her account.

34 Gai and Snegirev, Vtorzhenie , p. 371.

35 ‘Dalnyaya Aviatsia Rossii’ ( www.sinopa.ee/davia003/dav03.htm).

36 A. Gergel and A. Lizauskas, ‘Proshchai Bakharak!’, August 2009 ( http://www.navoine.ru/magazines/12/5).

37 V. Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe , 7 vols. (Moscow, 2001), Vol. 5, pp. 351–3.

38 Ibid., p. 389.

39 Chernyaev, Sovmestny iskhod , diary entry for 20 October 1988, p. 769.

40 A. Lyakhovski and V. Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin: Pamyati Akhmad Shakha Masuda (Moscow, 2007), pp. 179–87.

41 Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe , pp. 378 et seq.

42 Pravda , 7 December 1988, quoted in Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 1995 ( http://www.rsva.ru/biblio/prose_af/afgan_tragedy_and_glory/index.shtml).

43 Vorontsov interview, Rossiiskie Vesti , No. 18, 23–30 May 2007.

44 The description of the generals’ opposition to Operation Typhoon is from A. Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, pp. 668–71.

45 Chernyaev, Sovmestny iskhod , diary entry for 20 January 1989, p. 781.

46 Lyakhovski and Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin , pp. 208–9; Varennikov, Nepovtorimoe , pp. 390–93.

47 Ibid., p. 212.

48 Gromov, Ogranichenny kontingent .

49 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, p. 213.

50 M. Sotskov, Dolg i soviest (St Petersburg, 2007), p. 531, quoted in Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye’.

51 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, p. 675.

52 Lyakhovski and Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin , p. 212.

53 L. Grau, ‘Breaking Contact without Leaving Chaos: The Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan’, Journal of Slavic Military Studies , Vol. 20, No. 2, April 2007, pp. 235–61.

54 Rodric Braithwaite, Moscow diary (unpublished), entry for 3 March 1989.

55 Quoted in S. Aleksievich, Zinky Boys (New York, 1992), p. 9.

56 Anatoli Chernyaev, conversation, Moscow, May 2007.

1 Private information.

2 A. Greshnov, Afganistan: Zalozhniki vremeni (Moscow, 2006), pp. 7–9, 17, 12, 10, and 61.

3 B. Rubin, The Search for Peace in Afghanistan (New Haven, Conn., 1995), p. 89, quoted in P. Corwin, Doomed in Afghanistan (New Brunswick, NJ, 2003), p. 10.

4 S. Coll, Ghost Wars (London, 2005), p. 171.

5 A. Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana (Moscow, 2009), p. 928.

6 G. Dorronosoro, Revolution Unending: Afghanistan, 1979 to the Present (New York, 2005), pp. 227 and 228.

7 Vladimir Snegirev says there were only 3,000 defenders and that they were outnumbered by ten to one: V. Snegirev, Ryzhy (Moscow, 2000), p. 156.

8 A. Chernyaev et al., V Politburo TsK KPSS (Moscow, 2006), pp. 454 and 576.

9 Greshnov, Afganistan , pp. 71 and 74; description of Jalalabad fighting, M. Urban, War in Afghanistan (London, 1990), pp. 274 et seq.

10 M. Yousaf and M. Adkin, Afghanistan: The Bear Trap (Barnsley, 1992), pp. 227–33.

11 Greshnov, Afganistan , pp. 84, 92, and 150–51.

12 Ibid., p. 99.

13 A. Giustozzi, Empires of Mud (London, 2009), pp. 54–7. Minko A. and Smólynee G., ‘4-D Soviet Style: Defence, Development, Diplomacy and Disengagement in Afghanistan during the Soviet Period, Part 1: State Building,’ Journal of Slavic Military Studies , 23, 306–27 (2010), p. 324.

14 A. Lyakhovski and V. Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin: Pamyati Akhmad Shakha Masuda (Moscow, 2007), p. 220.

15 A. Kalinovsky, ‘A Long Goodbye: The Politics and Diplomacy of the Soviet Withdrawal from Afghanistan, 1980–1992’, PhD thesis, London School of Economics, 2009, quoting ‘Gardez Victory: Soviet Message of Support Revives Kabul Regime’, Agence France-Presse, 14 October 1991.

16 M. Gareev, Afganskaya strada (Moscow, 1999), p. 316.

17 Lyakhovski and Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin , p. 227.

18 Giustozzi, Empires of Mud , p. 210.

19 Snegirev, Ryzhy , p. 157.

20 S. Grigoriev, ‘Kak eto bylo: Kabul 1992 god’ ( http://artofwar.ru/s_grig/publ_grig_5.html).

21 Galina Ivanov, interview, Moscow, 14 March 2010; Grigoriev, ‘Kak eto bylo: Kabul 1992 god’.

22 Valeri Ivanov, interview, Moscow, 14 March 2010; D. Lysenkov, ‘Posledni flag nad Kabulom’, SpetsNaz Rossii ( www.tuad.nsk.ru/~history/Author/Russ/L/LjysenkovD/flag.htm).

23 Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, p. 702.

24 Corwin, Doomed in Afghanistan , p. 93.

25 Valeri Ivanov, interview, Moscow, 14 March 2010; Lyakhovski, Tragedia i doblest Afgana , 2004, p. 706. Where there are discrepancies between the two accounts, I have relied on Ivanov.

26 US Committee for Refugees, World Refugee Survey, 1997 , pp. 124–5 ( http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/publisher,USCRI,HKG,3ae6a8b534,0.html); Corwin, Doomed in Afghanistan , p. 128.

27 The account of the rise of the Taliban is summarised from Dorronosoro, Revolution Unending , pp. 245–56.

28 Lyakhovski and Nekrasov, Grazhdanin, politik, voin , pp. 260–61.