Donald Boudreau - Resistance in the Gulag Archipelago

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An estimated 70 million people may have died in Soviet gulags. Such raises many questions: Where is the Warsaw Ghetto Uprising of the Stalinist reign of terror? Where are the six hundred prisoners armed with stolen guns and grenades attacking the Nazi guards, literally blowing up the death houses at Treblinka, and fleeing into the nearby Polish forests? Where are the suicide missions? How could the Russian people have gone to their incarceration, torture, and slaughter like lambs? Was fear of government retaliation so pervasive in the Soviet mind that it negated any and all forms of resisting, dissenting, and protesting? Why did the Jews, despite their relative few in number and the lateness of the hour, arm themselves in rebellion, while the Soviets of this period appear as pacifists in the face of a system which exemplified dialectical terrorism?
The writer and Soviet dissident Alexander Solzhenitsyn (1918–2008), winner of the 1970 Nobel Prize in Literature, introduced the term Gulag to the Western world with the 1973 publication of his The Gulag Archipelago. The book likened the scattered prison camps to a “chain of islands” and depicted the Gulag as a system where people were essentially worked to death. In March 1940, for example, there were 53 separate camps and 423 labor colonies in the USSR. This essay attempts to glean the manifestations which occurred within the Gulag that can be characterized as inmates resisting, dissenting, and otherwise engaging in protesting-like activities. This objective is carried out by examining resistance in the Gulag archipelago through addressing the relevant portions of historical written works, including among other sources, Soviet historian Roy A. Medvedev’s
(1972), Robert Goldston’s
(1966), two of Solzhenitsyn’s finest novels,
(1972) and
(1972), and of course, through our primary source, Solzhenitsyn’s
(1973).
While written in 1974 as the author’s senior thesis as a Political Science major college undergraduate, some might question the dated nature of this essay given the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, and other subsequent reforms that have since taken place in Russia. But such would be short term focused and misguided, in the sense that the subject remains useful given that contemporary Russia, the former Soviet Union has, in many ways, failed to come to grips with the Stalinist era in Soviet history and its resultant tragic legacy and thus, Stalin’s infamously true reputation as a tyrannical leader and mass murderer of his own people. As David Satter (2011) powerfully observes in
(Yale University Press) the elemental failing of Russia’s leaders and people is their refusal in facing the moral depravity of its Soviet past, including its most savage manifestation: Joseph Stalin’s terror.
In addition to containing its original selected bibliography, prepared in 1974, this essay has been improved upon by adding a new, post-1974 era bibliography, reflecting some of the relevant subsequent developments and their related writings regarding the Gulag camps, Stalinist Russia, and surely, Alexander Solzhenitsyn and his related literary works.

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Williams, Daniel. “The Loneliness Of The Outdated Soviet Dissident,” The Washington Post, October 15, 1997, p. A23, col. 1.

“Alexander Solzhenitsyn, He lived not by lies.” The Washington Post, [editorial], August 5, 2008, p. A18, col. 1.

“Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn Is Dead at 89,” The New York Times, nytimes.com, By The Associated Press, Obituary (Obit)-NY Times.com, August 3, 2008, Filed at 6:05p.m. ET.

“Gorbachev Faults Legacy Of Stalinism,” International Herald Tribune, [According to the leader of the Argentine Communist Party, Athos Fava, “Mr. Gorbachev said he was striving for more socialism and more democracy, which is what the people want, and we will not take one step backward.”), March 5, 1987, pp. 1,6.

“Holmodor-Famine in Soviet Ukraine, 1932-1933, 1st Commemoration of the 75th Anniversary,” An Exhibit in the Ralph J. Bunche Library, United States Department of State, Washington, DC, September 16-October 31, 2008. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of State, The Ralph J. Bunche Library, A/ISS/IPS/LIBR, Prepared by Librarians Oksana Gress, Greta Wilson, Dolores Fairbanks, 2008.

“In memory Soviet critic Alexander Solzhenitsyn dies at 89, A Literary Giant of the 20th Century,” The Washington Post, August 27, 2008, p. H1, col. 4.

“Russians May Publish 2 Solzhenitsyn Works,” International Herald Tribune, [in re Cancer Ward and The Gulag Archipelago] March 5, 1987, p. 1.

“Russian Politician Defends Stalin Election Posters,” The Wall Street Journal, November 21, 2011, 12:50 PM CET.

“Solzhenitsyn Report Denied,” [“There are no plans to publish Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn’s book “Cancer Ward” in the Soviet Union,” the Soviet Foreign Ministry spokesman, Gennadi I. Gerasimov, said Thursday.”], International Herald Tribune, March 6, 1987, p. 1.

“Stalin Is Blamed For War Errors,” Kiosk, International Herald Tribune, May 25, 1987, p. 1.

“The Time Has Now Come to reject the System Itself,” [This comment was prepared by seven dissident Soviet émigrés living in the West], International Herald Tribune, Opinion, March 24, 1987, p. 4.

About the Author

Dr. Donald G. Boudreauis an internationally recognized expert in the field of economic statecraft. He is also the author of the books, “American Business and Daytime Dramas,” and “American Sanctions Against the Soviet Union: From Nixon to Reagan.” Retired from Federal Government service, for nearly three decades, he held various United States Government appointments with the U.S. Postal Service, U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, U.S. Department of the Treasury, U.S. Department of Energy, and finally and extensively, with the U.S. Department of Defense. He holds the Ph.D. degree in International Relations from the Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies at The University of Geneva, Switzerland, a Master of Public Administration (M.P.A.) degree with specialization in public management from Rutgers — The State University of New Jersey, and a B.A. degree in Political Science from Montclair State University in Upper Montclair, New Jersey, with Pi Gamma Mu and Pi Sigma Alpha honorary, the National Social Science and Political Science Honor Societies, respectively. Dr. Boudreau is the recipient of, including among other awards received during his distinguished Federal Government career, the Office of the Secretary of Defense Award for Excellence, a U.S. Treasury Department Sustained Superior Performance Award, and numerous other U.S. Department of Energy and U.S. Department of Defense performance awards.

Dr. Boudreau’s articles on various foreign policy and national security subjects have appeared in the journals, World Affairs , Strategic Review , The International Journal On World Peace , European Security , Diplomacy & Statecraft , International Peacekeeping , and Strategic Analysis (New Delhi). He and his wife, Zoraida de, and their children reside in Fredericksburg, Virginia.

Copyright

Copyright 2012 by Donald G. Boudreau

All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced in any form, in whole or in part (beyond that copying permitted by U.S. Copyright Law, Section 107, “fair use” in teaching or research. Section 108, certain library copying, or in published media by reviewers in limited excerpt), without written permission from the publisher

Cover by Joleene Naylor

Notes

1

Roy A. Medvedev, Let History Judge , p. 394.

2

D.M. Sturley, A Short History of Russia , pp. 278-9.

3

Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn, The Gulag Archipelago , (hereinafter “Gulag”), p. 283.

4

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag” at 287.

5

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag” at 288-9.

6

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag” at 290.

7

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag” at 291.

8

Cf. Medvedev, at 239.

9

Cf. Medvedev, at 285-6.

10

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 364.

11

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 462.

12

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 469.

13

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 476.

14

Arnold J. Toynbee, Civilization on Trial , pp. 172-3.

15

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 503-4.

16

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 545-6.

17

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 547.

18

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 562.

19

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Gulag”, at 473.

20

Sidney Hook, Marx and the Marxists , pp. 107-22.

21

Cf. Hook.

22

Andrei Amalrik, Will the Soviet Union Survive Until 1984? p. 35.

23

Giovanni Grazzini, Solzhenitsyn: a biography , pp. 249-50.

24

Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn, The First Circle , (hereinafter “Circle”), p. 268-9.

25

Cf. Medvedev, at 538.

26

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Circle”, at 179.

27

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Circle”, at 235.

28

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Circle”, at 96.

29

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Circle”, at 673.

30

Alexander I. Solzhenitsyn, Cancer Ward , (hereinafter “Cancer”), pp. 405-6.

31

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 138.

32

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 434.

33

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 411.

34

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 498-9.

35

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 506.

36

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 505.

37

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 506.

38

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 532.

39

Cf. Solzhenitsyn, “Cancer”, at 442.

40

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