Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn - The GULag Archipelago Volume 1 - An Experiment in Literary Investigation

11. Viktor Andreyevich Seryegin lives in Moscow today and works in a Consumer Service Combine attached to the Moscow Soviet. He lives well.

12. Izvestiya , June 9, 1964. This throws an interesting light on views of legal defense! In 1918, V. I. Lenin demanded that judges who handed down sentences that were too lenient be excluded from the Party.

1. This fledgling whose beak had not yet hardened was warmed and encouraged by Trotsky: “Terror is a powerful means of policy and one would have to be a hypocrite not to understand this.” And Zinoviev rejoiced too, not yet foreseeing his own end: “The letters GPU, like the letters VChK, are the most popular in the world.”

2. Latsis, Dva Goda Borby na Vnutrennom Fronte .

3. Ibid., p. 74.

4. Ibid., p. 75.

6. M. N. Gernet (editor), Protiv Smertnoi Kazni (Against Capital Punishment), second edition, 1907, pp. 385-423.

8. See Part III, Chapter 1.

9. Latsis, op. cit., p. 75

10. Ibid., p. 70.

12. Lenin, fifth edition, Vol. 36, p. 210.

13. Krylenko, Za Pyat Let (1918-1922). Edition 7,000 copies. Prosecution speeches in the most important trials held before the Moscow and the Supreme Revolutionary Tribunals.

14. Ibid., p. 4.

15. Ibid., pp. 4-5.

16. Ibid., p. 7.

17. Ibid., p. 44.

18. Latsis, op. cit., p. 46.

19. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 13. (My italics.)

21. Ibid., p. 3.

22. Ibid., p. 408.

23. Ibid., p. 22. (My italics.)

24. Ibid., p. 505.

25. Ibid., p. 318.

26. Ibid., p. 73. (The italics throughout are mine.)

27. Ibid., p. 83.

29. Ibid., p. 81.

30. Ibid., p. 524.

35. Ibid., p. 513. (My italics.)

37. In order to temper the reader’s indignation against this leechlike snake, Yakulov, we should point out that by the time of Kosyrev’s trial he had already been arrested and was in custody. They had found a case to take care of him. He was brought in to testify accompanied by convoy, and we are certainly entitled to hope that he was shot soon afterward. (Today we are surprised: How did things reach such a pitch of illegality? Why did no one mount an offensive against it?)

38. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 14.

39. Oh, how many themes we have here! Oh, where is Shakespeare? Solovyev passes through the walls, flickering shadows in the cell, Godelyuk recants with failing hand. And all we hear about the years of the Revolution in our plays and our films is the street singing of “Hostile Whirlwinds.”

40. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 522.

41. Ibid.

43. Ibid., p. 509.

44. Ibid., pp. 505-510. (My italics.)

45. Ibid., p. 511.

48. But accuser Rrylenko saw no difference whatever between Samarin and Rasputin.

49. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 61.

51. Firguf, a former guards officer of the Tsar’s household cavalry, who had “suddenly undergone a spiritual conversion, given all his goods to the poor, and entered a monastery, but I do not in fact know whether he actually did distribute his goods to the poor.” Yes, and if one admits the possibility of spiritual conversion, what then remains of class theory?

52. But which of us doesn’t remember similar scenes? My first memory is of an event that took place when I was, probably, three or four: The peaked-heads (as they called the Chekists in their high-peaked Budenny caps) invaded a Kislovodsk church, sliced through the dumbstruck crowd of worshipers, and, in their pointed caps, went straight through the altar screen to the altar and stopped the service.

53. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 61.

54. The Patriarch cited Klyuchevsky: “The gates of the monastery of the Saint will shut and the ikon lamps will be extinguished over his sepulcher only when we shall have lost every vestige of that spiritual and moral strength willed to us by such great builders of the Russian land as Saint Sergius.” Klyuchevsky did not imagine that the loss would occur almost in his own lifetime. The Patriarch asked for an appointment with the Chairman of the Council of People’s Commissars, in the hope of persuading him not to touch the holy monastery and the relics… for after all the church was separate from the state! The answer came back that the Chairman was occupied in discussing important business, and that the appointment could not be arranged for the near future.

Nor for the distant future either.

55. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 34.

56. Lenin, fifth edition, Vol. 51, p. 48.

57 V. L. Lenin i A. M. Gorky (V. L. Lenin and A. M. Gorky), Moscow, Academy of Sciences Publishing House, 1961, p. 263.

58. Ibid.

60. Krylenko, op. cit., p. 54.

61. Ibid., p. 38.

65. Ibid., p. 8.

1. Krylenko, Za Pyat Let, p. 381.

3. Sobraniye Uzakonenii RSFSR (Collection of Decrees of the R.S.F.S.R.), 1922, No. 4, p. 42.

5. Krylenko, op. cit.; p. 433.

7. Ibid., p. 435.

10. The provincial trials of the SR’s took place even earlier, such as the one in Saratov in 1919.

11. Published in Paris in 1922, and in the Soviet Union in samizdat in 1967.

12. See the articles entitled “ Tserkov i Golod ” (“The Church and the Famine”) and “ Kak budut izyaty tserkovnye tsennosti ” (“How the Church Valuables Will Be Requisitioned”).

13. I have taken this material from Ocherki po Istorii Tserkovnoi Smuty (Essays on the History of the Troubles of the Church), by Anatoly Levitin, Part I, samizdat, 1962, and from the stenographic notes on the questioning of Patriarch Tikhon, Trial Record, Vol. V.

14. In other words, like the Vyborg appeal, for which the Tsar’s government had imposed sentences of three months’ imprisonment.

15. Lenin, fifth edition, Vol. 45, p. 189.

16. Ibid., Vol. 39, pp. 404-405.