Frederick Kempe - Berlin 1961

In 1962, Kennedy also rejected: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 309.

National Security Advisor Bundy wondered: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 144, 183.

At one point, General Curtis E. LeMay: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 177.

In his October 22 speech: JFKL, Radio and Television Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba, The White House, October 22, 1962: http://www.jfklibrary.org/jfkl/cmc/j102262.htm; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 280.

In his meeting with U.S. ambassador to London: Macmillan, At the End of the Day , 187.

“That’s really the choice”: Macmillan, At the End of the Day , 182, 199; May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 385.

When Soviet Deputy Foreign Minister: Sergei N. Khrushchev, Creation of a Superpower , 560.

Khrushchev also rejected: Telegram from Soviet Ambassador to the USA Dobrynin to the USSR MFA, October 23, 1962, reproduced in “The Cuban Missile Crisis,” CWIHP-B, No. 5 (Spring 1995), 70–71; Sergei N. Khrushchev, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation of a Superpower , 582.

On October 27, the president’s brother: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 192, 274, n. 18.

De Gaulle famously told: JFKL, Dean G. Acheson OH , no. 1, April 27, 1964, 26.

Adenauer said he would throw his lot: Schwarz, Konrad Adenauer , 629–630; Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 199.

Tellingly, Kennedy rejected the dovish: May and Zelikow, The Kennedy Tapes , 256, 283–286, 388–389.

General Clay suggested to diplomat: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 203, citing Smyser’s conversation with General Clay, Links Club, New York City, November 1962.

Perhaps another million Berliners: Reeves, Kennedy: Profile of Power , 537; New York Times , 06/26/1963, 06/27/1963.

some in the Kennedy: O’Donnell and Powers, with McCarthy, “Johnny, We Hardly Knew Ye,” 360; Dallek, An Unfinished Life , 624; Robert G. Torricelli and Andrew Carroll, eds., In Our Own Words: Extraordinary Speeches of the American Century . New York: Kodansha America, 1999, 232.

“There are many people”: JFKL, Kennedy Speech to Berliners, Rudolph Wilde Platz, West Berlin, June 26, 1963: http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/Speeches/JFK/003POF03BerlinWall06261963.htm.

Years later, amateur linguists: Smyser, Kennedy and the Berlin Wall , 217, 221, from conversation with Heinz Weber, July 10, 2006; and Andreas W. Daum, Kennedy in Berlin . Washington, D.C.: German Historical Institute and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 133–135.

As Kennedy told Ted Sorensen: Sorensen, Kennedy , 601.

ARCHIVAL SOURCES

Air Force Historical Research Center, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama (AFHRC)

The American Presidency Project: http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu

Archiv für Christlich-Demokratische Politik (ACDP), Sankt Augustin, Germany

Arkhiv Vneshnei Politiki Russkoi Federatsii (Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs Archives; AVP-RF), Moscow, Russian Federation

Archive of the Main Intelligence Administration of the General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation (GRU), Moscow

Auswärtiges Amt—Politisches Archiv: Political Relations of BRD with United States, 1961 (AA-PA), Berlin

Behörde der Bundesbeauftragten für die Unterlagen des Staatssicherheitsdienstes der Ehemaligen Deutschen Demokratischen Republik (BStU), Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit (MfS), Zentrale Auswertungs- und Informationsgruppe Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit der DDR (Central Analysis and Information Group of the Ministry for State Security; ZAIG), Berlin: www.bstu.bund.de

Bundesarchiv, Germany: http://www.bundesarchiv.de/index.html.de

Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), Office of Current Intelligence (OCI): https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/

Chronik der Mauer—Bau und Fall der Berliner Mauer: http://www.chronik-der-mauer.de/

The Current Digest of the Soviet Press: http://www.eastview.com/cdpsp/

Declassified Materials from CPSU Central Committee Plenums (TsK KPSS). “Delo Beriia,” two parts, in Izvestiia TsK KPSS , 1 and 2 (January and February 1991), Moscow, Russian Federation

Deutsches Rundfunkarchiv (DRA), Frankfurt am Main and Potsdam–Babelsberg, Germany: http://www.dra.de/

Digital National Security Archive (DNSA). The Berlin Crisis, 1958–1962 . Alexandria, VA: Chadwyck-Healey; Washington, D.C.: National Security Archives, 1992: http://nsarchive.chadwyck.com/marketing/index.jsp

Dwight D. Eisenhower Presidential Library. Abilene, KS (DDEL)

Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), USSR, International Service: http://www.newsbank.com/readex/index.cfm?content=370

Former Soviet Central Committee Archive (TsKhSD), Moscow

Hubert Horatio Humphrey Papers. Minnesota Historical Society, Minneapolis

Lyndon B. Johnson Presidential Library. Austin, TX (LBJL)

John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. Boston (JFKL): http://www.jfklibrary.org/Historical+Resources/Archives/Reference+Desk/

Walter Lippmann Papers, Yale University, Sterling Memorial Library, New Haven, CT

Harold Macmillan Archives. Harold Macmillan Diaries . University of Oxford, Bodleian Library, Oxford, England

National Security Archive (NSA), George Washington University, Washington, D.C.: http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/

Richard Nixon Presidential Library. College Park, MD (RNL)

SED (Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschland) Archives: Institut für Geschichte der Arbeiterbewegung, Zentrales Parteiarchiv (IfGA, ZPA), Berlin

Adlai E. Stevenson Papers, Princeton University, Mudd Manuscript Library, Princeton, NJ

Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen im Bundesarchiv (SAPMO-BArch), Berlin

Stiftung Bundeskanzler-Adenauer-Haus (Federal Chancellor Adenauer House Foundation; StBKAH), Bad Honnef–Rhöndorf, Germany

Harry S. Truman Presidential Library. Independence, MO (HSTL)

Tsentr Khraneniia Sovremmenoi Dokumentatsii (TsKhSD), renamed Rossiiskii Gosudarstvennyi Arkhiv Noveishei Istorii (Russian State Archive of Contemporary History; RGANI), Moscow, Russian Federation

U.S. Department of State, Central Files

U.S. Department of State, ed. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), Office of the Historian, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.: http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/

GENERAL SOURCES

Acheson, Dean. Sketches from Life of Men I Have Known. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1960.

Adenauer, Konrad. Erinnerungen 1959–1963. Fragmente. Stuttgart: Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, 1968.

———. Memoirs, 1945–1953 . Translated by Beate Ruhm von Oppen. Chicago: Henry Regnery, 1966.

———. Teegespräche 1959–1961 (Rhöndorfer Ausgabe). Edited by Hanns Jürgen Küsters. Berlin: Siedler, 1988.

Adomeit, Hannes. Imperial Overstretch: Germany in Soviet Policy from Stalin to Gorbachev: An Analysis Based on New Archival Evidence, Memoirs, and Interviews. Baden-Baden, Germany: Nomos Verlagsgesellschaft, 1998.

Adzhubei, Aleksei I. Krushenie illiuzii. Moscow: Interbuk, 1991.

Allison, Graham T. Essence of Decision: Explaining the Cuban Missile Crisis . Boston: Little, Brown, 1971.

Ambrose, Stephen E. Eisenhower: The President , vol. 2. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1984.