Diana Preston - Before the Fallout

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The human chain reaction that led to the atom bomb On December 26, 1898, Marie Curie announced the discovery of radium and observed that “radioactivity seems to be an atomic property.” A mere 47 years later, “Little Boy"exploded over Hiroshima. Before the Fallout is the epic story of the intervening half century, during which an exhilarating quest to unravel the secrets of the material world revealed how to destroy it, and an open, international, scientific adventure transmuted overnight into a wartime sprint for the bomb.
Weaving together history, science, and biography, Diana Preston chronicles a human chain reaction of scientists and leaders whose discoveries and decisions forever changed our lives. The early decades of the 20th century brought Einstein’s relativity theory, Rutherford’s discovery of the atomic nucleus, and Heisenberg’s quantum mechanics, and scientists of many nations worked together to tease out the secrets of the atom. Only 12 years before Hiroshima, one leading physicist dismissed the idea of harnessing energy from atoms as “moonshine.” Then, on the eve of World War II, the power of atomic fission was revealed, alliances were broken, friendships sundered, and science co-opted by world events.
Preston interviewed the surviving scientists, and she offers new insight into the fateful wartime meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr, along with a fascinating conclusion examining what might have happened had any number of events occurred differently. She also provides a rare portrait of Hiroshima before the blast.
As Hiroshima’s 60th anniversary approaches, Before the Fallout compels us to consider the threats and moral dilemmas we face in our still dangerous world.

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Frisch-Peierls memorandum, 143-44, 150, 153, 171-72, 326

human consequences of, consideration of, 143, 144, 171-72, 183

“Little Bov” see “Little Box” (uranium-fueled bomb)

moral issues, see Moral issues, military use of atomic weapons

programs to development, see names of individual countries and projects, e.g. Manhattan Project

slow-neutron process and, 100, 138, 198

uranium isotopes and, ice U-245; U-238

“what ifs,” 425-39

world reaction to use of, 312-17

Aubert, Axel, 146, 147

Auer Company, 162-63, 267, 269

Auger, Pierre, 240

Austin, Sir Herbert, 135

Austria, 104

anti-Semitism and Meitner’s fleeing of, 105-10

Austro-Hungarian Empire, collapse of, 67, 116

B-17 Flying Fortress, 255

B-47, 322

Bacher, Robert, 213

Bacteriological weapons, 103

Bagge, Erich, 271, 273

German nuclear weapons program and, 156-57, 158, 216

Bainbridge, Kenneth, 284

Harwich, Heinz, 321

BBC, 315

Becquerel, Henri, 12, 15-16, 20, 26, 27, 43

Becquerel rays, see Radioactivity

Belgian Congo, uranium mines of, 129, 130,194

Belgium, 267

Berg, Morris “Moe,” 269-71, 270

Beria, Lavrenty, 200

Berlin, Germany, 230-41, 264, 264

atomic science in, 55, 60

Berliner, Arnold, 106, 181

Berlin Technical Institute, 117

Berlin University, 188

Bernhardt, Sarah, 57

Beryllium, 73

Beser, Jacob, 256-57, 294, 300, 301, 302

Beta rays, 25, 32, 43

Beta strontium, 221

Bethe, Hans, 74, 126, 140, 166, 179, 211, 212, 214, 269, 275, 284, 285, 322, 338

after the war, 319

background of, 214

Heisenberg and, 180

Los Alamos and, 213, 214-15, 239-40, 326, 328

praise for Oppenheimer, 220-21

Bethe, Rose, 214, 217

Rirkbeck College, London, 94

Birmingham University, 139, 140, 142, 225-26

Blackett, Patrick, 94

Bock’s Car , 410. 444

Bohr, Aage, 179, 180, 229, 229-30

Bohr, Christian, 85 , 90

Bohr, Harald, 227

Rohr, Margrethe, 45 , 150, 177

escape from Copenhagen, 227-28

Bohr, Niels, 5, 42-46, 45, 56, 57, 67, 74, 78, 85, 86 , 94, 112, 149, 159, 229 , 326, 327, 328

assistance to Jewish scientific refugees, 94, 107, 108, 110

complementarity thesis, 67, 326

described, 42, 338, 339

escape from Copenhagen, 227-29, 230

fear of nuclear arms race, 246-48

Heisenberg Copenhagen meeting of 1941, 5, 173-81, 321, 336, 339

Los Alamos and, 226-27, 229-30

Nazi occupation of Denmark and, 149-50

Nobel Prize for Physics, 64

nuclear fission and, 114, 115, 124-25, 133

postwar career, 470

Rutherford Bohr model of the atom, 44, 48, 48

Rutherford’s death and, 98

theory of electrons, 44 46

at University of Copenhagen, see University of Copenhagen, Institute for Theoretical Physics

World War II and, 124

Born, Max, 63, 64. 64, 71, 86-87, 88, 89, 94, 95, 126, 225

Bosch, Carl, 108

Bothe, Walther, 73, 74, 161 , 769

German atomic weapons program and, 157, 158, 160, 162, 337

Bourgeois, Henry, 41

Boxer Rebellion, 29, 194

Bragg, Lawrence, 140

Bridgman, Percy, 125-26

Briggs, Lynam J., 147, 166, 168

Britain, 103

aerial warfare and, 53

Anglo-American cooperation on atomic weapon research, 169-70, 171, 172-73, 182-83, 223-26, 229-30, 249, 280-81, 294, 319, 426-27, 338

Boers and, 27-28

German nuclear weapons program and, 202

intelligence, 202, 227, 282, 320

Maud Report, see Maud Committee and Maud Report

nuclear weapons research and, 132-33, 138-44, 150-55, 169, 182-83, 200, 229-30, 314, 331

scientific delegation to the U.S., 1940, 151-52

Special Operations Executive (SOE), 205-4

Tube Alloys Project, 182, 229-30

World War II, 4, 138, 152

British Admiralty, patent for nuclear chain reaction, 118, 132

British Air Ministry, 53, 139, 152

British Association for the Advancement of Science, 94

British Chemical Society, 141

British Department of Scientific anti Industrial Research, 138

British Lancaster bomber, 257n , 258

Broompark , 145, 147, 148, 162

Brown, Walter, 227

Brun, Jomar, 202, 204

Brussels, Belgium, 267

B-29 Super Fortress, 255, 255n, 261

modification to carry the bomb, 256, 257-58

Bukharin, Nikolay, 82

Bush, Vannevar, 170, 233

Interim Committee and, 276, 278

U S. nuclear weapons program and, 170, 171, 172-73, 183, 184, 191, 192, 193, 215

Byers, Ebert M., 244-45

Byrnes, James, 274, 276, 277-78, 279, 280, 282, 287, 311, 327, 332, 334, 335, 338

Before the Fallout - фото 66

Before the Fallout - фото 67

Before the Fallout - фото 68

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ALSO - фото 78

ALSO BY DIANA PRESTON The Road to Culloden Moor Bonnie Prince - фото 79

ALSO BY DIANA PRESTON The Road to Culloden Moor Bonnie Prince Charlie and - фото 80

ALSO BY DIANA PRESTON The Road to Culloden Moor Bonnie Prince Charlie and - фото 81

ALSO BY DIANA PRESTON The Road to Culloden Moor Bonnie Prince Charlie and - фото 82

ALSO BY DIANA PRESTON

The Road to Culloden Moor: Bonnie Prince Charlie and the ’45 Rebellion

A First Rate Tragedy: Robert Falcon Scott and the Race to the South Pole

The Boxer Rebellion: The Dramatic Story of China’s War on Foreigners

That Shook the World in the Summer of 1900

Lusitania: An Epic Tragedy

A Pirate of Exquisite Mind: Explorer, Naturalist, and Buccaneer: The Life of William Dampier (with Michael Preston)

Copyright

Copyright 2005 by Preston Writing Partnership All rights reserved No part of - фото 83

Copyright © 2005 by Preston Writing Partnership

All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the Publisher.

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