Diana Preston - Before the Fallout

“if things… New World”: Letter from M. Oliphant to J. Chadwick, 22 June 1940, CCC/JC.

“Nuclear research… cities: All quotes in this paragraph are from Frisch, What Little I Remember, p. 133.

“ Koventrieren “principle”; “so many fires. time”: Gilbert, A History of the Twentieth Century, vol. 2, p. 352.

“burned… flames”: Times (London), quoted in Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, item 165.

“ridiculous”: Transcript of Rotblat’s interview of 7 January 1994 with C. D. King and A. Brown, LIV 1 53. “ putting know”: Frisch, What Little I Remember, p. 142.

“turning… bird”; “How much… want?”; “Frisch and Chips”: Ibid., pp. 132 and 137.

“The effect… zero”: Peierls, Bird of Passage, p. 157.

“Chadwick was… life”: All quotes in this paragraph are from Chadwick’s oral history, AIP.

“In July 1941… plutonium”: All quotes in this paragraph are from the Maud Report, CAB/104/227, PRO, and also AB/16/266, PRO.

“Although… improvement”: W. Churchill’s note to General Ismay, 30 August 1941, PREM/3/139/8A,PRO.

“unsurpassable advantage”: Walker, German National Socialism, p. 18.

“in those days… poor”; “the War Office… nothing”: Quoted in J. J. Ermenc, ed., Atomic Bomb Scientists — Memoirs, 1939—45, p. 97.

“a theoretical physicist… name”; “should be Heisenberg”: Quoted in Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 14.

“decent physicist”; “not absolutely first rate Party”: Quoted in Ermenc, Atomic Bomb Scientists, p. 67.

“the slightest chance”; “it must be done”; “Gentlemen… be done”: Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, p. 132.

“Otto Hahn commit suicide”: All quotes in this paragraph are from ibid., p. 31.

“all be over time”: W Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 172.

“strangely enough me”: Quoted in Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 13.

“to work energy”: W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 172.

“Well… for that”: Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, p. 32.

“Heisenberg’s own subsequent recollections… clear conscience”: All quotes in this paragraph are from W Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 174.

“the most dangerous power”: Quoted in Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. vii.

“Heisenberg also suggested… explosives”: All quotes in this paragraph are from Bernstein, Hitler’s Uranium Club, pp. xxiii—xxiv, except for “the explosive power… magnitude,” which is the author’s translation of Heisenberg’s secret report, Geheimdokumnte zum deutschen Atomprogram, 1938— 45, Deutsches Museum.

“I had suspected heavy water”: W Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 180.

“abandoned the whole idea”; “prematurely”: Ibid.

“Strassmann had remained true… Valerie”: Information and quotes in this paragraph are from A. Wolffenstein’s memoirs in the Jüdisches Museum, Berlin, her testimony to Yad Vashem in Jerusalem, and her letters reprinted in Krafft, Im Schatten der Sensation, p. 46 (author’s translation).

“impressive eagle of a man”: Frisch, What Little I Remember, p. 71.

“not quite adult”; “an over-developed. discipline”: Letter from O. Frisch to K. Fuchs of 21 March 1942, AB/1/C 74 , PRO.

“former human being”; “Fizzl is in Berlin”: Powers, Heisenberg’s War, pp. 92—3.

“We are trying. the thing”: F. Reiche’s oral history, AIP.

“They listened… grateful”: Ibid.

“Hitler’s success could depend on it”: Quoted in Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 58.

“Most Soviet scientists… reactions”: All quotes in this paragraph are from Holloway, Stalin and the Bomb, pp. 53—54.

“On 13 April 1941… West”: All quotes in these two paragraphs are from H. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan, p. 397.

“He Said ‘Bomb’… Terms”: Quoted in Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 112.

“amazed and distressed”: M. Oliphant, “The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron,” in Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 1982.

“He said… up to us”: Quoted in Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 112.

“distinguished services”; “meddling foreigners”: Weart and Szilard, Leo Szilard: His Version of the Facts, p. 146.

“put in wraps”: Gowing, Britain and Atomic Energy, p. 116.

“extreme secrecy”: Letter from Dr. C. Darwin of 2 August 1941 to Lord Hankey, CAB/104/227, PRO.

“Are… single blow?” Ibid.

“may make it… this country”: Frisch-Peierls memorandum (see chapter 9).

“bombardment cities”: Times (London), 2 September 1939.

“complete interchange matters”: Memo from V. Bush to 5. Conant of 9 October 1941, Bush—Conant files, OSRD, S1 record group 227, M 1392, NARA.

“It appears… conducted”: Letter from Roosevelt to Churchill of 11 October 1941, PREM/3/139/8A, PRO.

“It was bomb”: Quoted in D. Irving, The Virus House, p. 93.

“panic reaction”: W. Heisenberg’s interview with Der Spiegel, 3 July 1967, quoted in Powers, Heisenberg’s War, p. 112.

“Perhaps… related to it”: Quoted in D. Cassidy, Uncertainty — The Life and Science of Werner Heisenberg, p. 436.

“Houtermans’s findings… with uranium”: All quotes in these three paragraphs are from W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, pp. 180—82.

“A feeling unobserved”: Quoted in Cassidy, Uncertainty, p. 440.

Despite… walked out: The quotes in this paragraph are from Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 218.

“spoke Russia”; “how important the war”; “a good development”; “because.govern themselves”: Quoted in A. Pais, Niels Bohr’s Times, p. 483.

“a background… Denmark”: Draft letter from N. Bohr to W. Heisenberg (never sent), 1957 or 1958, Niels Bohr Archive.

“Heisenberg provided… but could not”: Quotes in these two paragraphs are from W. Heisenberg’s letter to R. Jungk, quoted in Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, pp. 103-4.

“a tremendous… effort”; “advise… conflict”: W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 182.

“hostile”: Margrethe Bohr quoted in S. Goudsmit’s letter to A. Hermann, 18 October 1946, Goudsmit Papers, folder 100, box 11, AIP.

“hope and belief”: Letter from R. Ladenburg to S. Goudsmit, 23 October 1946, Goudsmit Papers, folder 138, box 14, AIP.

“Nearly a decade later… atomic weapons”: All quotes in these two paragraphs are from the draft letter from N. Bohr to W. Heisenberg (never sent), 1957 or 1958, Niels Bohr Archive.

“fondest greetings… happy years”: Draft letter from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (never sent), 30 November 1961, Niels Bohr Archive.

“I have great dangers”: Handwritten note (undated) from N. Bohr to W Heisenberg (never sent), Niels Bohr Archive.