Diana Preston - Before the Fallout

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Before the Fallout: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация

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The human chain reaction that led to the atom bomb On December 26, 1898, Marie Curie announced the discovery of radium and observed that “radioactivity seems to be an atomic property.” A mere 47 years later, “Little Boy"exploded over Hiroshima. Before the Fallout is the epic story of the intervening half century, during which an exhilarating quest to unravel the secrets of the material world revealed how to destroy it, and an open, international, scientific adventure transmuted overnight into a wartime sprint for the bomb.
Weaving together history, science, and biography, Diana Preston chronicles a human chain reaction of scientists and leaders whose discoveries and decisions forever changed our lives. The early decades of the 20th century brought Einstein’s relativity theory, Rutherford’s discovery of the atomic nucleus, and Heisenberg’s quantum mechanics, and scientists of many nations worked together to tease out the secrets of the atom. Only 12 years before Hiroshima, one leading physicist dismissed the idea of harnessing energy from atoms as “moonshine.” Then, on the eve of World War II, the power of atomic fission was revealed, alliances were broken, friendships sundered, and science co-opted by world events.
Preston interviewed the surviving scientists, and she offers new insight into the fateful wartime meeting between Heisenberg and Bohr, along with a fascinating conclusion examining what might have happened had any number of events occurred differently. She also provides a rare portrait of Hiroshima before the blast.
As Hiroshima’s 60th anniversary approaches, Before the Fallout compels us to consider the threats and moral dilemmas we face in our still dangerous world.

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“beery days”: Ibid., p. 73.

“Hahn… floor”: The quotes in this paragraph are from ibid., pp. 65-66.

“the only person who had real grasp”: Ibid., p. 77.

“much-chewed specimens”: Ibid., p. 74.

“the German Marie Curie”: Frisch, What Little I Remember, p. 3.

“in great astonishment… a man!”: L. Meitner, “Looking Back,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, November 1964.

“Chadwick had… explain it to him”: All quotes in these two paragraphs are from J. Chad­wick’s oral history, AIP.

“his services Turkish bullet”: Quoted in Wilson, Rutherford, p. 344.

“To hate blood”: M. Curie, Pierre Curie, p. 106.

“in a pitiable position”; “profoundly. perturbed”: Hahn, My Life, p. 120.

“so numbed whole thing”: Ibid., p. 122.

“It was… sooner”: Ibid., p. 118.

“a higher form of killing”: Quoted in R. Harris and J. Paxman, A Higher Form of Killing, xiii.

“to do so future wars”: S. Lindqvist, A History of Bombing, item 96.

“to control without occupation”: Ibid., item 102.

Four. “Make Physics Boom”

“If’… the war”: Quoted in Wilson, Rutherford, p. 405.

“man projectiles”: Snow, Variety of Men, p. 6.

“like dark”: Quoted in Frisch, What Little I Remember, p. 63.

“That same year departed”: All quotes in this paragraph are from M. Oliphant, RutherfordRecollections of the Cambridge Days, pp. 22 and 128.

“The 1920s… Germans”: All quotes in this paragraph are found in Rayner-Canham and Rayner-Canham, A Devotion to Their Science, p. 4.

“treated them as guests”: Quoted in L. Rees, Horror in the East, p. 13.

“the simpleness… obtain”: H. Nagaoka’sletter to E. Rutherford of 22 February 1911, CUL/R.

“the greatest woman in the world”: Quoted in Quinn, Marie Curie, p. 384.

“the sister of Prometheus”: Ibid., p. 391.

“very uncouth”: Author’s interview with Bertrand Goldschmidt, 3 April 2002.

“a cow”: Ibid.

“theyoung chap. Irene”: Ibid.

“a violent… over”: Elizabeth Rona quoted in Rayner-Canham and Rayner-Canham, A Devotion to Their Science, p. 212.

“shaking clothing”: A student quoted in ibid. p. 108.

“promises miracles”: Quinn, Marie Curie, p. 410.

“Can… rays”: Ibid., p. 412.

“the stronghold of physics”: W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 62.

“it would he… in Germany”: Quoted in R. Rhodes, The Making of the Atomic Bomb, p. 174.

“eggs… good”: R. L. Sime, Lise Meitner, p. 77.

“to do prices”: Hahn, My Life, p. 138.

“while we were busy… food-coupons”: Ibid.

“the secrets of nature”; “whole new… contradictions”: Pascual Jordan quoted in Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, p. 9.

“henceforth… war”: M. Born, My Life and My Views, p. 193.

“make physics boom”: Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 97.

“the cocoon periods”: W. Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, p. 1.

“prophet of nature”: Ibid., p. 28.

“Atomic Housing Officer”: Frisch, What Little 1 Remember, p. 20.

“It was… afternoon”: All quotes in this paragraph are from W Heisenberg, Physics and Beyond, pp. 19 and 38.

“Also politics”: All quotes in this paragraph are in ibid., pp. 44—45.

“through before me”: Ibid., p. 61.

“a coherentphysics”: Ibid., p. 62.

“The more crap”: Quoted on the AIP Web site (Quantum Mechanics).

“The more the less… vice versa”: Ibid.

“the impossibility… instruments”: R. Moore, Niels Bohr, p. 160.

“It seems hard single moment”: B. Bryson, A Short History of Nearly Everything, p. 131.

The same year, Ityl J… his uncertainty principle: All quotes in these five paragraphs are from E. Teller’s Memoirs, pp. 2, 5, 33, 39, and 47.

Five. Days of Alchemy

“a heroic time creation”: Robert Oppenheimer quoted in Jungk, Brighter Than a Thousand Suns, p. 9.

“in Russia… Rutherford”: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (D. Shoen-berg’s memoir of Kapitza).

“fly inside a cathedral”: Quoted in N. Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 17.

“proton merry-go-round”: Quoted in G. Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 4.

“I’m going famous”: Quoted in Nye, Before Big Science, p. 213.

“a four-inch pillbox… octopus”: Ibid., p. 30.

“to break up atoms”: New York Times, quoted in ibid., p. 31.

“to modernise”; “scientific spirit”; “pioneers.ground”; “an abstraction”: E. Wigner’s oral history, AIP.

“it took interested in”: Chadwick’s oral history, AIR “ just kept on pegging away”; “I did… silly experiments”: Ibid.

“I don’t believe it”: Undated notes, entitled “Discovery of the Neutron,” CCC/JC.

“knew in his bones”: Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society (Sir. H. Massey’s and N. Feather’s memoir of Chadwick).

“particles charge o”: D. Wilson, Rutherford, p. 550.

“Kapitza vision”: M. Oliphant, “The Beginning: Chadwick and the Neutron,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, December 1982.

“to be fortnight”: Quoted in C. P. Snow, The Physicists, p. 85.

“immediately… convincingly”; “of a… physicist”: Quoted in Brown, The Neutron and the Bomb, p. 108.

“The reason nucleus”: Chadwick’s letter to N. Feather of 25 July 1968, CCC/NF.

The discovery hidden riches”: All quotes in this paragraph are from Quinn, Marie Curie, p. 427.

“with… hold of”: Author’s interview with Hans Bethe, 28 April 2002.

“that would… area”; “The experts… bomb”; “destroy New York”: H. Nicolson, Public Faces, p. 17.

“But in… million”: The quotes in this paragraph come from D. Kurzman, Blood and Water, pp. 6—7.

“It never rains but it pours”: Rutherford’s letter to N. Bohr of 21 April 1932, CUL/R.

“do what… ago”: V. Bowden quoted in Campbell, Rutherford, p. 438.

“normally Wellington”; “We’re split. atom!”: Snow, Variety of Men, p. 1.

“Dr. Livingston… Whoopee!”: Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 5.

“literally room”: Quoted in Pharr Davis, Lawrence and Oppenheimer, p. 42.

“It was elements”: All quotes in this paragraph are from ibid., pp. 45 and 48.

“both innocent”: Quoted in Herken, Brotherhood of the Bomb, p. 11.

“an abnormally… boy”: Quoted in M. Rouze, Robert OppenheimerThe Man and His Theories, p. 13.

“As appears application”: Letter from P. W. Bridgman to Rutherford of 24 June 1925, printed in A. Kimball-Smith and C. Weiner, eds., Robert Oppenheimer’s Letters and Recollections, p. 77.

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