David Miller - The Cold War - A Military History

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A-4 rocket (German V-2), 82–4, 91, 96, 98, 102, 108, 110–11, 115, 351

Acheson, Dean, 19, 21

Afghanistan: invaded by USSR, 29, 256; Soviet withdrawal from, 31; Soviet helicopters in, 314

air forces: NATO, 295–301; command and control, 296–7; Warsaw Pact, 312–16; see also bomber aircraft; fighter and attack aircraft; Strategic Air Command

air reconnaissances, 338–9

air warning and control system (AWACS), 116, 296, 300, 355

air-defence missiles and guns, 286–91

air-to-air refuelling, 134

airborne troops: NATO, 241–2; Soviet, 254–6

airbursts (nuclear), 72–3

aircraft carriers, 163, 166, 168, 172, 180, 196–205; warfare against, 206–7

Albacore (US submarine), 185

Albania: as Soviet satellite, 4; Communist government, 6, 64; refuses to attend CSCE talks, 28; and Warsaw Pact, 54, 64–5, 400; breach with USSR, 65, 400; relations with China, 65, 182; Soviet naval base in, 65, 170, 181; navy, 181–2

Algeria: French generals mutiny in, 37

Allied Control Council, 3

Allied Tactical Air Forces (ATAFs; NATO), 295, 297

ammunition: and logistics, 247

amphibious warfare, 223–7

Angola, 174

Anti-Ballistic Missile (ABM) Treaty (1972), 28

Antonescu, General Ion, 65

Antwerp: World War II missile attacks on, 82, 83

Arab–Israeli Wars: (1967), 178; (1973), 29, 319–20; tanks in, 258

Argentina: aircraft carrier, 205; in Falklands War, 214–15

armoured personnel carriers (APCs), 275–80

artillery: field, 282–6; fire-direction, 285–6; in air defence, 286–91; targets and range, 291; nuclear, 349, 350–1; NATO, 437; Warsaw Pact, 437

Assured Destruction concept, 365

Atlantic: and NATO naval command, 49, 51; and naval power, 163

Atlantic Alliance see North Atlantic Treaty Organization

Atlas missile, 97, 103–4, 106, 364

attack aircraft see fighter and attack aircraft

Attlee, Clement, 17, 48

Australia: aircraft carrier, 205; armoured personnel carrier, 277

Austria: peace treaty (1955), 26

AWACS see air warning and control system

ballistic missiles: development, 83–4; warheads, 91–4; accuracy, 93; defences, 103; stand-off, 129–31; availability, 156–7; reliability, 157–8; see also intercontinental ballistic missiles; intermediate-range ballistic missiles

Baltic Sea: NATO defence of, 167, 169; Soviet fleet in, 177–80, 182; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 359

Baltic states: independence (1990–1), 67

Barents Sea, 198

battleships and battlecruisers, 217–18, 225

Belarus: independence (1991), 67

Belgium: in Benelux, 10–11; in Brussels Treaty, 11; navy, 167; army, 232; airborne troops, 242–3; mobilization, 244; logistical problems, 246; and refugee problem, 246; deployment of forces, 248; armoured infantry fighting vehicles, 277; air force and aircraft, 298–9, 308–9

Benelux (Belgium–Netherlands–Luxembourg group): formed, 10–11

Beneš, Edward, 6–7

Berlin: occupied and divided, 9, 328–9; Soviet blockade and Allied airlift (1948), 9, 332, 338; 1971 agreement (‘Berlin Accord’), 28, 344; demonstrations and opening of Wall (1989), 31, 67, 345; French occupation zone, 33, 35, 329, 332, 346–7; uprisings (Eastern), 57, 67, 336, 340; responsibilities for defence, 323, 358; status and administration, 328–31, 344, 346–7; access, 329–30, 341; Air Safety Centre (BASC), 329; military strengths and organization (Western), 333–5, 339; contingency plans, 336–7; Wall built (1961), 337, 342; land reconnaissances (‘probes’), 338–9; incidents and confrontations, 339–44, 347; reunification, 345–6; life and conditions in (1945–89), 346–8

Bessarabia, 9

Bevin, Ernest, 16–18, 21

Bikini Atoll, 72

Black Sea: naval forces in, 169–70, 178, 181

blast (nuclear), 73–4

bomber aircraft: types and performance, 124–30; defence and countermeasures against, 130–3; deployment, 133; targets, 133–4, 139; air tankers, 134, 415; strategic, 413–17

Bornholm (Baltic island), 13, 359

Brandt, Willy, 28

Braun, Werner von, 96, 351

Brazil: aircraft carrier, 205

Bremerhaven, 231

Brezhnev, Leonid: visits Berlin and Washington, 29; ‘Socialist Commonwealth’ doctrine, 59; and Polish crisis, 64; and submarine missile systems, 120; and strategic bombers, 129

Brunssum, 35, 51, 238, 296–7

Brussels: NATO HQ in, 27n, 52

Brussels Treaty see Western Union

Budapest, 58–9

Bukovina, 9

Bulganin, Nikolai, 62

Bulgaria: as Soviet satellite, 4; Communist government, 6; in Warsaw Pact, 54; navy, 181–2; airborne troops, 256

Bush, George, 384

Canada: and founding of NATO, 17–18; navy, 167; submarine programme, 189; aircraft carrier, 205; army, 232; airborne troops, 242; air force and aircraft, 298, 306, 308, 311; financial difficulties, 380

Carter, Jimmy, 84, 127, 366, 385–6

casualties: from nuclear attacks, 373–5, 442n

Ceauşescu, Nikolae, 66–7, 181, 183

Central Group of Forces (Soviet; CGF), 253

Challenger (UK ship), 123

Chernenko, Konstantin, 43

Chevaline submarine missile system, 141

China, People’s Republic of (PRC): Communist supremacy in, 9, 47; nuclear weapons, 27, 144–8; relations with Albania, 65, 182; nuclear testing, 80–1, 145, 405; as nuclear-target reserve, 91; bombers, 145; land-based missiles, 145–8, 421; submarines, 147, 157, 418; targeting strategy, 147–8; supplies naval ships to Romania, 183; in Korean War, 257; in US nuclear strategy, 366

Churchill, Sir Winston S.: on ‘iron curtain’, 4, 231; on post-war bewilderment, 5; and naval command, 48

civil defence: cost and effectiveness, 149–50, 154; in USA, 149, 151; in USSR, 149–51; in UK, 152–3

civilian population: reaction to attacks, 81–2; casualties, 373–5, 442n; see also civil defence

Clay, General Lucius, 336

Closely Based Spacing (or ‘Dense Pack’), 107

Communist parties: in eastern Europe, 4, 6–8; in western Europe, 8–9; in Asia, 9–10, 47

Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe (CSCE; Helsinki, 1972), 28, 30, 42

Conqueror (UK submarine), 188

conscription, 232

Conventional Armed Forces in Europe talks (CFE; Vienna, 1989), 31

counter-military potential (CMP), 156, 160

cruise missiles, 30, 42–4, 84n, 95 & n, 111, 113, 131, 191, 198

Cuba: Missile Crisis (1962), 27, 40, 65–6, 176; as Soviet ally, 174

Cyprus: Turkey invades, 37

Czechoslovakia: as Soviet satellite, 4, 7; Communist government in, 6–7, 11, 17, 59; ethnic Germans in, 6; invaded by Warsaw Pact forces (1968), 28, 38–40, 59–61, 253, 322, 325; and East Germans’ escapes to West, 31, 345; in Warsaw Pact, 55; armaments, 56; Soviet troops withdraw from (1990), 67; military forces, 253; airborne troops, 256; armoured personnel carriers, 279; artillery, 284, 437; aircraft industry, 313n; air force in, 315; in Warsaw Pact attack plans, 361–2

Denmark: and Nordic pact, 13–15; membership of NATO, 19, 22; relations with Iceland, 20; opposes missile deployment, 42; sea supplies to, 163; navy, 167; army, 232–3; in NATO defence strategy, 238; air force and aircraft, 298, 308

deterrence strategy, 84–6, 366–7, 387

DF weapons (China), 146–8

Dien Bien Phu, 34, 282

Dimitrov, Georgi, 6

Doolittle, Lieutenant-Colonel James, 199n

Douglas, William Sholto, 1st Baron, 338

Dreadnought (UK submarine), 188