Vadim Birstein - The Perversion of Knowledge

38. For the English translation of the decree, see Babkin, Pavlov, p. 165.

39. McClelland, James C., “The Professorate in the Russian Civil War,” in Koenker, Rosenberg, and Suny, Party, State, and Society in the Russian Civil War , pp. 243–266; Bailes, “Natural Scientists,” pp. 287–289; Revyakina, I. A., and I. N. Selezneva, “Trudnye gody rossiiskoi nauki” [Difficult years for Russian science], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (10) (1994): 931–937 (in Russian).

40. Ipatieff, The Life of a Chemist, pp. 271–272.

41. Texts of two of Vernadsky’s reports are given in Bastrakova, M. S., “Akademiya nauk i sozdanie issledovtel’skikh institutov (dve zapiski V. I. Vernadskogo)”[The Academy of Sciences and the organization of research institutes (two reports of V. I. Vernadsky)], V estnik Instituta Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 1 (1999): 157–167 (in Russian).

42. Bailes, “Natural Scientists,” p. 279.

43. Aksenov, Vernadsky, pp. 325–326. In 1922, Vernadsky left Russia and worked abroad until 1926. For the reasons he returned, see Kolchinsky, E. I., “Pochemu V. I. Vernadsky vernulsya v Sovetskuyu Rossiyu? (Bremya vybora: 1922–1926) [Why did V. I. Vernadsky return to Soviet Russia? (The burden of choice, 1922–1926)], appendix in Kolchinsky, V poiskakh sovetskogo “soyuza,” pp. 218–251.

44. For details, see Bailes, “Natural Scientists,” pp. 280–281, and Krementsov, Stalinist Science, pp. 17–23.

45. Romanovsky, “Pervyi demokraticheski izbrannyi prezident,” p. 1099; Koltsov, Sozdanie i deyatel’nost’, p. 68.

46. Vernadsky, Vladimir I., Publitsisticheskie stat’i [Publicist Papers] (Moscow: Nauka, 1995), p. 249 (in Russian).

47. Cited in Koltsov, Sozdanie i deyatel’nost’, p. 63.

48. “O reforme deyatel’nosti uchenykh uchrezhdenii i shkol vysshikh stupenei v Rossiiskoi Sotsialisticheskoi Federativnoi Sovetskoi Respublike” [On the reform of activity of scientific institutions and high schools in the Russian Soviet Socialist Republic], Vestnik Narodnogo Prosvyashcheniya Soyuza Kommun Severnoi Oblasti 6–8 (1918): 69 (in Russian). Cited in Kolchinsky, V poiskakh “soyuza,” p. 32.

49. Only one issue of this magazine was published. Cited in Chernov, V., “Krovavye psikhozy” [Blood psychoses], in Che-Ka: Materialy po deyatel’osti chrezvychainykh kommissii [Che-Ka: Materials on the Activity of Extraordinary Commissions] (Berlin: Orfei, 1922), pp. 15–16 (in Russian).

50. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 8.

51. See, for instance, Leggett, The CHEKA, pp. 250–254.

52. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 9.

53. See “The Organization of the GPU,” among Pavlovsky’s papers in the Hoover Institution Archives, Stanford University, the B. I. Nikolaevsky Collection, Box 217, Folder 6 (published in Felshtinsky, Yuri, VCHK-GPU (Benson, VT: Chalidze Publications, 1989), pp. 148–149 (in Russian). On the establishing of the OAU, see Leggett, The CHEKA, p. 230; on the financial autonomy of the VCheKa, see Gerson, The Secret Police, pp. 281–282.

54. Leggett, The CHEKA, p. 27. See also biographies of Artuzov, Gerson, Lander, and Pavlunovsky in Leggett, The CHEKA, pp. 403, 443–444, 452–453, and 456. On Artuzov, see Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, pp. 93–94.

55. Kokurin and Petrov, Lubyanka, p. 143; Petrov and Skorkin, Kto rukovodil NKVD, pp. 82–83.

56. Leggett, The CHEKA, pp. 287–288.

57. On Krylenko, see Conquest, Robert, The Great Terror: A Reassessment (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), pp. 249, 420–421; see also Vaksberg, Arkady, Stalin’s Prosecutor: The Life of Andrei Vyshinsky (New York: Grove Weidenfeld,1991), pp. 133–142; Yeremina, L. S., and A. B. Roginsky, eds., Rasstrel’nye spiski: Moscow, 1937–1941, “Kommunarka,” Butovo [Lists of the Executed: Moscow, 1937–1941, Kommunarka and Butovo] (Moscow: Obshchestvo “Memorial,” 2000), p. 225 (in Russian). On the style of Krylenko’s treatment of “enemies of the people” see, for instance, the memoirs of Marie Avinov (Chavchavadze, Paul, and Marie Avinov, Pilgrimage Through Hell [Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1968], pp. 111–119).

58. Cited in Babkov, V. V., “N. K. Koltsov: Bor’ba za avtonomiyu nauki i poiski podderzhki vlasti “N. K. Koltsov: The fight for the autonomy of science and search for the authorities’ support,” Voprosy Istorii Estestvoznaniya i Tekhniki 3 (1989): 3–19 (in Russian).

59. Krasnaya kniga VCheKa [The VCheKa Red Book], vol. 2, 2nd ed. (Moscow: Izdatel’stvo politicheskoi literatury, 1989) (in Russian).

60. Cited in Babkov, “N. K. Koltsov,” p. 5.

61. Krasnaya kniga VCheKa, vol. 2, p. 35.

62. Reformatskaya, M. A., “Yunye gody rovesnikov veka” [The early years of persons born in 1900], in Timofeev-Ressovsky, N. V., Vospominaniya: Istorii, napisannye im samim, s pis’mami, fotografiyami i dokumentami [Memoirs: Stories Written by Himself with Letters, Photos, and Documents] (Moscow: Soglasie, 2000), pp. 659–686 (in Russian).

63. Golinkov, D. L., Krakh vrazheskogo podpolia (Iz istorii borby s kontrrevolyutsiei v Sovetskoi Rossii v 1917–1924 gg.) [The End of the Enemy’s Underground: From the History of Combat Against the Counterrevolution in Soviet Russia, 1917–1924] (Moscow: Politizdat, 1971), p. 287 (in Russian).

64. Tolstoy, Alexandra, I Worked for the Soviet, translated by the author, in collaboration with Roberta Yerkes (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1935), p. 96.

65. Cited in Babkov, “N. K. Koltsov,” p. 5.

66. Yeremina and Roginsky, Rasstrel’nye spiski , p. 208.

67. Tolstoy, I Worked for the Soviet, pp. 95–96.

68. Babkov, “N. K. Koltsov,” pp. 5–6.

69. Cited in Grigoryan, N. A., “Sotsialno-politicheskie vzglyady I. P. Pavlova” [The social-political views of I. P. Pavlov], Vestnik Akademii Nauk SSSR 10 (1991): 74–87 (in Russian).

70. Voznesenskii, I., “Iz rannikh svidetel’stv o ‘Dele PBO’ [On the early testimonies regarding the “PBO case”], in Okhotin and Roginsky, Zven’ya, vol. 1, pp. 464–474.

71. Selezneva, I. N., and Ya. G. Yanshin, “Tsel’yu byla russkaya nauka” [Russian science was the target], Vestnik Rossiiskoi Akademii Nauk 64 (9) (1994): 821–834 (in Russian).

72. Perchenok, F. F., “Spisok rasstrelyannykh” [A list of the executed], Novyi Mir 4 (1989): 263–269 (in Russian).

73. See Lenin’s and Dzerzhinsky’s letters cited in Selezneva and Yanshin, “Tsel’yu byla russkaya nauka,” pp. 823–824.

74. Voznesenskii, “Iz rannikh svidetel’stv,” p. 464.

75. Later, millions of children of “enemies of the people” ended up this way. Tagantsev’s children were lucky: They were finally adopted by relatives.

76. Before the Bolshevik Revolution, Anna Kad’yan (1860–?) was a librarian and the treasurer of the High Women’s (Bestuzhev) Courses in St. Petersburg/Petrograd. See Sergeev, V. A., “Iz Khvalynska v Petrograd: Pis’ma K. A. Posse k N. S. Tagantsevu i V. A. Steklovu [1917–1918]” [From Khvalynsk to Petrograd: Letters of K. A. Posse to N. S. Tagantsev and V. A. Steklov (1917–1918)], in Dobkin and Roginsky, Zven’ya, vol. 2, pp. 378–394.

77. Academician Tagantsev’s letter to Lenin dated June 16, 1921, and Mrs. Kad’yan’s letter to Lenin dated July 29, 1921 (Russian Center for the Preservation and Study of Documents of Most Recent History, RTsKhIDNI, F. 5, Op. 1, D. 2594, L. 4). Cited in Selezneva and Yanshin, “Tsel’yu byla russkaya nauka,” pp. 825–826.