Николас Карр - Стеклянная клетка. Автоматизация и мы

10. См.: Fred Schulte. Growth of Electronic Medical Records Eases Path to Inflated Bills. Center for Public Integrity, 2012. September 19. UPL: http://www. public integrity.org/2012/09/19/10812/growth-electronic-medical-records-eases-path-inflated-bills; Reed Abelson et al. Medicare Bills Rise as Records Turn Electronic // New York Times, 2012. September 22.

11. Daniel R. Levinson. CMS and Its Contractors Have Adopted Few Program Integrity Practices to Address Vulnerabilities in EHRs. Washington, D.C.: Office of the Inspector General, Department of Health and Human Services, 2014. January. UPL: http://www. oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-01–11–00571.pdf.

12. Danny McCormick et al . Giving Office-Based Physicians Electronic Access to Patients’ Prior Imaging and Lab Results Did Not Deter Ordering of Tests // Health Affairs 31, 2012. № 3. Р. 488–496. Специалисты изучали результаты лечения больных сахарным диабетом в течение пяти лет в двух клиниках, в одной из которых была внедрена система электронного ведения медицинской документации, а в другой – нет. Выяснилось, что врачи первой клиники назначали больше анализов, но не добились лучшего контроля содержания глюкозы в крови. «Полученные данные позволяют предположить, что, несмотря на значительное повышение стоимости лечения, электронная система ведения медицинской документации не смогла обеспечить решающего улучшения качества лечения», – написали ученые.

Patrick J. O’Connor et al. Impact of an Electronic Medical Record on Diabetes Quality of Care // Annals of Family Medicine 3, 2005. №. 4. July. Р. 300–306.

13. Timothy Hoff. Deskilling and Adaptation among Primary Care Physicians Using Two Work Innovations // Health Care Management Review 36, 2011. № 4. Р. 338–348.

14. Schulte. Growth of Electronic Medical Records.

15. Hoff. Deskilling and Adaptation.

16. Danielle Ofri. The Doctor vs. the Computer // New York Times, 2010. December 30.

17. Thomas H. Payne et al. Transition from Paper to Electronic Inpatient Physician Notes // Journal of the American Medical Information Association 17, 2010. Р. 108–111.

18. Ofri. Doctor vs. the Computer.

19. Beth Lown and Dayron Rodriguez . Lost in Translation? How Electronic Health Records Structure Communication, Relationships, and Meaning / Academic Medicine 87, 2012. № 4. Р. 392–394.

20. Emran Rouf et al. “Computers in the Exam Room: Differences in Physician-Patient Interaction May Be Due to Physician Experience,” Journal of General Internal Medicine 22, no. 1 (2007): 43–48.

21. Avik Shachak et al. Primary Care Physicians’ Use of an Electronic Medical Record System: A Cognitive Task Analysis // Journal of General Internal Medicine 24, 2009. № 3. Р. 341–348.

22. Lown and Rodriguez. Lost in Translation?

23. См.: Saul N. Weingart et al. Physicians’ Decisions to Override Computerized Drug Alerts in Primary Care // Archives of Internal Medicine, 2003. November 24. Р. 2625–2631; Alissa L. Russ et al. Prescribers’ Interactions with Medication Alerts at the Point of Prescribing: A Multi-method, In Situ Investigation of the Human – Computer Interaction // International Journal of Medical Informatics 81, 2012. Р. 232–243;

M. Susan Ridgely and Michael D. Greenberg . Too Many Alerts, Too Much Liability: Sorting through the Malpractice Implications of Drug-Drug Interaction Clinical Decision Support // Saint

Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy 5, 2012. Р. 257–295; David W. Bates. Clinical Decision Support and the Law: The Big Picture // Saint Louis University Journal of Health Law and Policy 5, 2012. Р. 319–324.

24. Atul Gawande. The Checklist Manifesto: How to Get Things Right. N. Y.: Henry Holt, 2010. Р. 161–162.

25. Lown and Rodriguez. Lost in Translation?

26. Jerome Groopman. How Doctors Think. N. Y.: Houghton Mifflin, 2007. Р. 34–35.

27. Adam Smith. The Wealth of Nations. N. Y.: Modern Library, 2000. Р. 840.

28. Там же. Р. 4.

29. Frederick Winslow Taylor. The Principles of Scientific Management N. Y.: Harper & Brothers, 1913. Р. 11.

30. Там же. Р. 36.

31. Hannah Arendt. The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. Р. 147.

32. Harry Braverman. Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. N. Y.: Monthly Review Press, 1998. Р. 307.

33. Краткий обзор дебатов по поводу книги Бравермана см.: Peter Meiksins. Labor and Monopoly Capital for the 1990s: A Review and Critique of the Labor Process Debate // Monthly Review. 1994. November.

34. James R. Bright . Automation and Management. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University, 1958. Р. 176–195.

35. Там же. Р. 188.

36. James R. Bright . The Relationship of Increasing Automation and Skill Requirements // Technology and the American Economy, Appendix II: The Employment Impact of Technological Change. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1966. Р. 201–221.

37. George Dyson. Комментарии см. на: Edge.org, 2008. July 11. UPL: http://www. edge.org/dis course/carr_google.html#dysong.

38. Доходчивое объяснение принципов машинного обучения см. в шестой главе книги: John MacCormick’s. Nine Algorithms That Changed the Future: The Ingenious Ideas That Drive Today’s Computers. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2012.

39. Max Raskin and Ilan Kolet. Wall Street Jobs Plunge as Profits Soar. Bloomberg News, 2013. April 23. UPL: http://www. bloomberg.com/news/2013–04–24/ wall-street-jobs-plunge-as-profits-soar-chart-of-the-day.html.

40. Ashwin Parameswaran. Explaining the Neglect of Doug Engelbart’s Vision: The Economic Irrelevance of Human Intelligence Augmentation // Macroresilience, 2013. July 8. UPL: http://www. macroresilience.com/2013/07/08/ explaining-the-neglect-of-doug-engelbarts-vision/.

41. См.: Daniel Martin Katz. Quantitative Legal Prediction – or – How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Start Preparing for the Data-Driven Future of the Legal Services Industry // Emory Law Journal 62, 2013. № 4. Р. 909–966.

42. Joseph Walker. Meet the New Boss: Big Data // Wall Street Journal, 2012. September 20.

43. Franco “Bifo” Berardi. The Soul at Work: From Alienation to Automation Los Angeles: Semiotext (e), 2009. Р. 96.

44. A. M. Turing. Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals // Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society 45, 1939. № 2239. Р. 161–228.

45. Там же.

46 Hector J. Levesque. On Our Best Behaviour // Lecture delivered at the International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence. Beijing, China, 2013. August 8.

47. См.: Nassim Nicholas Taleb. Antifragile: Things That Gain from Disorder. N. Y.: Random House, 2012. Р. 416–419.

48. Donald T. Campbell . Assessing the Impact of Planned Social Change // Occasional Paper Series. Public Affairs Center, Dartmouth College, Hanover, N.H. 1976. December. № 8.