Minae Mizumura - The Fall of Language in the Age of English

Lithuanian literature, 12, 14–16, 28, 69–70

Little Princess, A (Frances Hodgson Burnett), 47–48

loanwords, 53, 153, 195

local language, 88–92, 95, 98–99, 168, 177–78; Japanese as, 105–12, 114–15, 122, 173

Locke, John, 92

Louisiana Purchase (1803), 59

Luther, Martin, 88, 91

Lu Xun, 181

Madame Bovary (Gustave Flaubert), 104

Maejima Hisoka, 124

Makioka Sisters, The ( Sasameyuki ; Tanizaki Jun’ichirō), 68, 105

Mandarin, 40, 114, 164, 179, 198. See also Chinese language and literature

man ’ yōgana (letters of Ten Thousand Leaves ), 108

market mechanisms, 75, 90. See also consumer society

Maruzen (bookstore), 154

Marxist ideology, 78, 183–84. See also Japan: leftist intellectuals in

Masaoka Shiki, 136

mathematics, 83–84, 101, 144, 166, 171–72

Matsuo Bashō, 110

Matsuzaka Tadanori, 188

Maxwell, James Clerk, 171

McClellan, Edwin, 69

McLuhan, Marshall, 76, 158

Meiji Restoration and period: and education, 111, 135, 180–81; and European colonialism, 104, 118, 120, 131, 190; and European cultural influence, 50–51, 55–56, 111; and Japanese language, 117–18, 122–26, 154–55, 184; and Japanese literature, 104–5, 139, 147–48, 180–81, 200, 206n.2 (chap. 4)

Middlemarch (George Eliot), 104

Ministry of Education, 124–25, 180–82, 184–88, 191

Mishima Yukio, 68

Mitsukuri Rinshō, 133

Mitsumura Tosho, 181

Mohammad, 85

Moll Flanders (Daniel Defoe), 99

Mongolian literature, 67, 69–70

“Mon Paris” (Josephine Baker), 51

Montaigne, Michel de, 91

Montesquieu, Baron de (Charles-Louis de Secondat), 49, 92

More, Thomas, 88

Mori Arinori, 122–24, 185

Mori Ōgai, 46, 105, 136, 181

Morris, Ivan, 69

multilingualism, 80, 161, 169, 177, 198. See also bilingualism

Murasaki Shikibu, 62, 115

Muromachi period, 110

Mushakōji Saneatsu, 136

Myanmar, 35–36

Nagai Kafū, 105

Nakae Chōmin, 133

Naka Kansuke, 105, 136

Nakamura Umekichi, 187

Nakazato Kaizan, 154

Napoleonic Wars, 59–60

Nara period, 107, 191

nationalism: Benedict Anderson on, 74, 77–80; and Japanese language and literature, 109, 115, 122, 194; and national language development, 38, 94, 97, 177

national language, 4, 73, 75–76, 89–97, 116, 167–68, 175–82; ideology of 111, 123–24, 136, 154–55, 169, 193. See also specific languages

National Language Research Council, 125, 186–87

nation-state: and Internet, 161–63; and Japanese language, 58–59, 115, 122, 142; and Japanese modernization, 104, 111, 119, 122; and national language, 37–39, 73–83, 88–97, 101, 177

Natsume Sōseki: importance of, 46, 174; on Japanese modernization and literature and culture, 103–4, 139–47, 149–51, 172, 174, 200; and science and general knowledge, 170–72; and university, 104, 136, 138, 147, 149–50; works by, 2, 103–5, 138–47, 149–51, 169–71, 181, 200

“Natsume Sōseki sensei no tsuioku” (Memories of Natsume Sōseki; Terada Torahiko), 171

Netherlands. See Dutch colonialism and language

Newton, Isaac, 87

New York Public Library, 164

Ngũgĩ Wa Thiong’o, 178

Ni-anchan (My second brother; Yasumoto Sueko), 155

Nieh Hualing, 22

“Nihon bunka shikan” (A personal view of Japanese culture; Sakaguchi Ango), 191

Nishi Amane, 133

Nobel Prize in Literature, 63, 69–70, 156

Nonchurch (Mukyōkai) movement, 111

North Korea, 193. See also Korean language

Norwegian language, 39

novels: future of, 157–58, 173–74; Japanese, 4, 19, 104–5, 139–40, 152–53; and national language, 2–3, 98–102, 133; and Western influence on Japan, 55–58, 98–101, 104. See also literature; specific works

Nynorsk (New Norwegian), 39

Odyssey (Homer), 182

Ōe Kenzaburō, 68, 70

Ogata Academy, 128–29

Ogata Kōan, 128–30

Ogyū Sorai, 111

Okakura Tenshin, 144

Old Norse, 41

One Thousand and One Nights , 68

onnade (women’s hand), 109

Ontleedkundige Tafelen (Anatomical tables; Johan Adam Kulmus), 111

Opium Wars, 118, 124

Ortega y Gasset, José, 96

Osanai Kaoru, 136

Osaragi Jirō, 136, 154

Ottoman Empire, 118

Oxford University, 164

Ozaki Kōyō, 136, 154

pacifism, 183

Pali language, 82, 167

paper, 83

parchment, 83

patriotism, x, 5–6, 184. See also nation-state

Pelzel, John, 185–86

Pension Mimosas (film; 1935), 51

Pépé le Moko (film; 1937), 51

Perry, Matthew, 119

Petrarch, Francesco, 90

Philippines, 121, 177–78

phoneticism, 42, 124–25, 184–90, 200–201

phonocentrism, 124, 189

Pillow Book, The ( Makura no sōshi ; Sei Shōnagon), 115

plays, 88, 98, 111, 116, 176. See also literature

poetry, 51, 100, 108–10, 114, 149–50, 152, 177, 206n.2 (chap. 4). See also literature; specific works

Poirot, Hercule, 50

Polish language, 97

Poppy, The ( Gubijinsō ; Natsume Sōseki), 150

Portrait of Shunkin, A ( Shunkinshō ; Tanizaki Jun’ichirō), 105

poststructuralism, 52

Pride and Prejudice (Jane Austen), 95, 104, 148

Princess of Cleves, The (Madame de Lafayette), 148

print capitalism, 75, 80, 105, 116–17, 134

Prison Notebooks (Antonio Gramsci), 96

Proust, Marcel, 63–64, 99

Pushkin, Alexander, 94

Qing dynasty, 118

“Quand refleuriront les lilas blancs” (André Dassary), 51

Quatorze Juillet (film; 1933), 51

Quo Vadis (Henryk Sienkiewicz), 31

Qur’an, 106. See also sacred languages and texts

Racine, Jean, 62

reactionary, use of term, 5, 154, 183, 186–87, 190

realism, 148

Renaissance, 87

Revolt of the Masses, The (José Ortega y Gasset), 96

Richardson, Samuel, 148

Rimbaud, Arthur, 51

rōmaji (Roman letters), 186

Roman alphabet, 3, 122, 124–25, 184–89, 193, 195, 200. See also written language

Romance languages, 176. See also specific languages

romantic love, 152

Rosetta Stone, 83

Rouge et le noir, Le ( The Red and the Black ; Stendhal), 95, 104

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 49, 92

Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, The , 68

Russian language, 94

Russo-Japanese War, 103–4, 141

“Ryojō” (On a journey; Hagiwara Sakutarō), 51, 201

Ryūkyū Kingdom, 114

sacred languages and texts, 75, 81–83, 85–86, 106, 158, 166–67

Saitō Mokichi, 136

Sakaguchi Ango, 191–92

sankin kōtai (alternate residence), 116

Sanshirō (Natsume Sōseki), 103–5, 138–47, 169, 171, 200

Sanskrit, 82, 106, 167

Sartre, Jean-Paul, 52

Scandinavia, 39, 93, 95, 176, 197

“Scan This Book!” (Kelly), 161–64

Scent of Green Papaya, The (film; 1993), 12

science: and English, 52, 96, 123, 129, 144, 166–67, 171; in Japan, 55, 123, 128–29, 137, 173, 180–81; and Latin, 87, 98; and literature, 98–102, 137–38, 157, 160, 167; and mathematics, 83

Seidensticker, Edward, 69

Sei Shōnagon, 115

Self-Help (Samuel Smiles), 117

Seneca, 85, 114

Sen no Rikyū, 158

Seward, William H., 120

Shakespeare, William, 62, 116, 182

Shaw, George Bernard, 81