Henrik Lunde - Finland's War of Choice
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- Название:Finland's War of Choice
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- Издательство:Casemate Publishing
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- Год:2011
- Город:Philadelphia
- ISBN:978-1-935149-48-4
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Finland's War of Choice: краткое содержание, описание и аннотация
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The prologue of this book brings the reader up to speed by briefly examining the difficult history of Finland, from its separation from the Soviet Union in 1917 to its isolation after being bludgeoned in 1939–40. It then examines both Finnish and German motives for forming a coalition against the USSR, and how—as logical as a common enemy would seem—the lack of true planning and preparation would doom the alliance.
This book posits that it was mind-boggling how the highly professional German General Staff allowed itself to accept the militarily unsound and shaky coalition that resulted. The war aims were not discussed or harmonized, there were no campaign plans with tasks and missions spelled out past the initial assault, no effective main effort established, inadequate force levels, and an unsound command structure with various headquarters. Practically every rule in the book was broken. The objective of linking up with the Finns in the Leningrad area was an important factor in Hitler opting for three main drives into the Soviet Union rather than an earlier OKH plan that called for only two.
After describing the operations during and after Barbarossa, this book describes how the Finnish theater became a blind ally for the Germans. Their strongest and best army was trapped both operationally and geographically in central and northern Finland, making virtually no contribution to the war effort. The Germans could not bring to bear enough forces to accomplish their objectives without substantial Finnish assistance, and that was not forthcoming.
The final chapters deal with the Soviet counteroffensive against the Finns in 1944. The Finns lost all their gains and quickly concluded a separate armistice. This left the German forces in Finland to simply vacate the territory, fighting between the Finns and Soviets alike as they tried to return to the main war. Jointly suffering 291,000 casualties, the only consolation was that the coalition had inflicted some 830,000 on the Soviets.
In this book, Henrik Lunde, a former US Special Operations colonel, and the renowned author of
, once again fills a profound gap in our understanding of World War II.
[This book contains a tables.]
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27. Kräutler and Springenschmidt, op. cit., p.385.
28. Hölter, according to Lundin, op. cit., p.242, denies the destruction of villages. This is in sharp contrast to his frank admission of the thorough destruction carried out in the Province of Finland in Norway a few months later—Hölter, op. cit., p.71.
29. Lundin, op. cit., p.245.
30. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.301.
31. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.235.
32. Lundin, op. cit., p.243.
33. Vehviläinen, op. cit., p.150.
34. Loc. cit.
35. Mannerheim, Memoirs, p.504.
36. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
37. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.235.
38. Hölter, op. cit., p.51.
39. Loc. cit.
40. 20th Mountain Army War Diary entries of October 2 and 3, 1944, as cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, pp.299–300.
41. It should be noted that General Rendulic was tried as a war criminal by the Military Tribunal in Nuremberg. The charges dealt with his activities in Yugoslavia and Finland. He was found guilty on the charges related to treatment of civilians in Yugoslavia but the charges concerning the scorched-earth policy in Lapland were dropped. On the Yugoslav charges he was sentenced to 20 years in prison. The sentence was later reduced to 10 years and he was released from prison on February 1, 1951.
42. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
43. Rendulic, op. cit., p.306.
44. Hölter, op. cit., pp.52–53.
45. Westerlund, op. cit., p.214.
Chapter 12
1. Anabasis was Xenophon’s history of the Greek retreat from Persia around 400 B.C. The word anabasis refers to an expedition from a coastline up into the interior of a country. Katabasis, on the other hand, describes a trip from the interior down to the coastline and is therefore more appropriate in describing the journey of the 20th Mountain Army.
2. Major James F. Gebhardt, The Petsamo-Kirkenes Operation: Soviet Breakthrough and Pursuit in the Arctic, October 1944. Leavenworth Papers Number 17 (Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute, U.S. Army Command and General Staff College, 1989), pp.6–8.
3. Ibid, p.8.
4. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.237.
5. Gebhardt, op. cit., pp.10–11.
6. Ibid, p.14.
7. Meretskov, op. cit., pp.317–319.
8. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.372.
9. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.17.
10. Ibid, pp.24–25.
11. Meretskov, op. cit., p.320.
12. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.21.
13. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.373.
14. Gebhardt, op. cit., p.19.
15. Ibid, p.43 quoting from Semen Petrovich Mikulskii and Minzakir Absaliamov, Nastupatel’nyee boi (Moscow: 1959), p.28.
16. Ibid, pp.40–41.
17. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.373.
18. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.306.
19. Gebhardt, op. cit., pp.35–36.
20. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, pp.239–240.
21. Ibid, p.240.
22. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.307.
23. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.374.
24. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.242.
25. Meretskov, op. cit., p.324.
26. Erfurth, The Last Finnish War, p.245.
27. Westerlund, op. cit., p.215.
28. Stein Ugelvik Larsen, Norsk Krigslexikon, part of NorgesLexi, directed and edited by Stein Ugelvik Larsen at the University of Bergen, Tvangsevakueringen i Finnmark.
29. Report by Headquarters, Army of Norway, dated December 15, 1944 titled Bericht über Evakuierung Nordnorwegens as cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.308.
30. Colonel Dahl (later Lieutenant General) was the only Norwegian officer in the Narvik campaign with previous combat experience. He had fought as a young lieutenant in a British unit in the Battle of Somme in 1916. He was also the first Norwegian officer to attend the US Command and General Staff College in 1941.
31. Shtemenko, op. cit., p.377.
32. Ibid, p.378.
33. Larsen, op. cit., Frigjøringen av Finnmark.
34. Message from the Army of Norway to OKW dated May 19, 1945 cited in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.314.
Epilogue
1. Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.315.
2. Lunde, op. cit., p.550.
3. Wuorinen, op. cit., p.184.
4. Ibid, p.123.
5. Vehviläinen, op. cit., p.171.
6. Loc. cit.
7. Wuorinen, op. cit., p.114.
8. Frietsch, op. cit., pp.241–242 and Lundin, op. cit., pp.83–84.
9. These figures are from Jatkosodan historia, volume 6, pp.277, 388ff, 478 and Westerlund, op. cit., pp.234–235.
Appendix I
1. Based on table in Ziemke, The German Northern Theater of Operations, p.318.
2. Held only by Göring.
3. Rank given to Mannerheim in 1942 on his 75th birthday and held only by him.
4. Held only by Mannerheim.
5. No Finnish officer held this rank in World War II.
Copyright
Published in the United States of America and Great Britain in 2011 by
CASEMATE PUBLISHERS
908 Darby Road, Havertown, PA 19083
and
17 Cheap Street, Newbury RG14 5DD
Copyright 2011 © Henrik O. Lunde
ISBN 978-1-935149-48-4
Digital Edition: ISBN 978-1-61200-037-4
Cataloging-in-publication data is available from the Library of Congress and the British Library.
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including photocopying, recording or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission from the Publisher in writing.
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