Sarah Bakewell - How to Live - A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer

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From Starred Review
Review In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers. -Bryce Christensen
“This charming biography shuffles incidents from Montaigne’s life and essays into twenty thematic chapters… Bakewell clearly relishes the anthropological anecdotes that enliven Montaigne’s work, but she handles equally well both his philosophical influences and the readers and interpreters who have guided the reception of the essays.”
— “Serious, engaging, and so infectiously in love with its subject that I found myself racing to finish so I could start rereading the Essays themselves… It is hard to imagine a better introduction — or reintroduction — to Montaigne than Bakewell’s book.”
—Lorin Stein, “Ms. Bakewell’s new book,
, is a biography, but in the form of a delightful conversation across the centuries.”
— “So artful is Bakewell’s account of [Montaigne] that even skeptical readers may well come to share her admiration.”
— “Extraordinary… a miracle of complex, revelatory organization, for as Bakewell moves along she provides a brilliant demonstration of the alchemy of historical viewpoint.”
— “Well,
is a superb book, original, engaging, thorough, ambitious, and wise.”
—Nick Hornby, in the November/December 2010 issue of “In
, an affectionate introduction to the author, Bakewell argues that, far from being a dusty old philosopher, Montaigne has never been more relevant — a 16th-century blogger, as she would have it — and so must be read, quite simply, ‘in order to live’… Bakewell is a wry and intelligent guide.”
— “Witty, unorthodox…
is a history of ideas told entirely on the ground, never divorced from the people thinking them. It hews close to Montaigne’s own preoccupations, especially his playful uncertainty — Bakewell is a stickler for what we can’t know…
is a delight…”
— “This book will have new readers excited to be acquainted to Montaigne’s life and ideas, and may even stir their curiosity to read more about the ancient Greek philosophers who influenced his writing.
is a great companion to Montaigne’s essays, and even a great stand-alone.”
— “A bright, genial, and generous introduction to the master’s methods.”
— “[Bakewell reveals] one of literature's enduring figures as an idiosyncratic, humane, and surprisingly modern force.”

(starred)
“As described by Sarah Bakewell in her suavely enlightening
Montaigne is, with Walt Whitman, among the most congenial of literary giants, inclined to shrug over the inevitability of human failings and the last man to accuse anyone of self-absorption. His great subject, after all, was himself.”
—Laura Miller, “Lively and fascinating…
takes its place as the most enjoyable introduction to Montaigne in the English language.”
— “Splendidly conceived and exquisitely written… enormously absorbing.”
— “
will delight and illuminate.”
— “It is ultimately [Montaigne’s] life-loving vivacity that Bakewell succeeds in communicating to her readers.”
—The Observer
“This subtle and surprising book manages the trick of conversing in a frank and friendly manner with its centuries-old literary giant, as with a contemporary, while helpfully placing Montaigne in a historical context. The affection of the author for her subject is palpable and infectious.”
—Phillip Lopate, author of “An intellectually lively treatment of a Renaissance giant and his world.”
— “Like recent books on Proust, Joyce, and Austen,
skillfully plucks a life-guide from the incessant flux of Montaigne’s prose… A superb, spirited introduction to the master.”
— In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers. -Bryce Christensen Named one of Library Journal’s Top Ten Best Books of 2010 In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers.
—Bryce Christensen

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9 Shared theme: Robertson, J. M., Montaigne and Shakespeare (London: The University Press, 1891), cited in Marchi 193. Shared atmosphere also discussed in Sterling 321–2.

10 Bacon wrote Montaigne: Donnelly, I., The Great Cryptogram: Francis Bacon’s Cipher in the So-called Shakespeare Plays (London: Sampson, Low, Marston, Searle & Rivington, 1888), II: 955–65, 971–4. “Bacon” and “white breasts”: Donnelly II: 971. “Mountaines”: II: 972–3. “Can anyone believe that all this is the result of accident?” II: 974. Role of Anthony Bacon: II:955.

11 On the Bacon brothers: See Banderier, G., “Bacon, Anthony,” and Gontier, T., “Bacon, Francis,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 89–90. Francis Bacon does mention Montaigne in his Essays , but not in its first edition.

12 Cornwallis: Cornwallis, W., Essayes , ed. D. C. Allen (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1946).

13 Burton: Burton, R., The Anatomy of Melancholy (New York: NYRB Classics, 2001), I: 17.

14 Browne: Browne, Thomas, The Major Works (Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1977). See Texte, J., “La Descendance de Montaigne: Sir Thomas Browne,” in his Etudes de littérature européenne (Paris: A. Colin, 1898), 51–93.

15 Cotton: Montaigne, Essays , tr. Cotton (1685–86): see “Sources” for full details. On Cotton, see Nelson, N., “Montaigne with a Restoration voice: Charles Cotton’s translation of the Essais,” Language and Style 24, no. 2 (1991), 131–44; and Hartle, P., “Cotton, Charles,” in Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ref: odnb/6410), from which the poem is also taken.

16 Pope: cited Coleman 167.

17 Spectator: Spectator no. 562 (July 2, 1714), cited Dédéyan I: 28. Doing it agreeably: Dédéyan I: 29.

18 The Montaignesque element: Pater, W., “Charles Lamb,” in Appreciations (London: Macmillan, 1890), 105–23, this 116–17.

19 Leigh Hunt’s comment: Montaigne, Complete Works (1842), 41, British Library’s copy (C.61.h.5). This passage is I:22 95 in Frame’s edition

20 Hazlitt on essay-writing: Hazlitt 178–80.

21 Hazlitt’s Cotton’s Montaigne: Montaigne, Complete Works (1842). Hazlitt’s Hazlitt’s Cotton’s Montaigne: Montaigne, Essays , tr. C. Cotton, ed. W. Hazlitt and W. C. Hazlitt (London: Reeves & Turner, 1877). On the Hazlitt family business, see Dédéyan I: 257–8.

22 Sterne: Sterne, L., Tristram Shandy , ed. I. Campbell Ross (Oxford: Oxford Paperbacks, 1998). References to Montaigne: 38, 174, 289–90 (Vol. 1 chap. 4, Vol. 2 chap. 4, Vol. 4 chap. 15). The line diagrams: 453–4 (Vol. 6, chap. 40). Promised chapters: 281 (Vol. 4, chap. 9). “Could a historiographer”: 64–5 (Vol. 1, chap. 14).

17. Q. How to live? A. Reflect on everything; regret nothing

1 Joyce, J. Finnegans Wake: these examples given in Burgess, A., Here Comes Everybody , rev. edn (London: Arena, 1987), 189–90.

2 Montaigne was a different person in the past: III:2 748–9. “We are all patchwork”: II:1 296.

3 “Who does not see …?” III:9 876.

4 “Not their end”: Woolf, V., “Montaigne,” 77.

5 1588 edition: Montaigne, Essais , “5th edn” (1588): see “Sources.”

6 “It is the inattentive reader”: III:9 925. 288 “For my part”: III:8 872.

7 “In order to get more in”: I:40 224. Plutarch’s pointing finger: I:26 140.

8 “It gathers force”: this is written on the title page of the “Bordeaux Copy”: Montaigne: Essais. Reproduction en fac-similé . Source is Virgil, Aeneid , 4: 169–77.

9 “I fear I am getting worse”: Montaigne to A. Loisel, inscription on a copy of the 1588 Essais , in The Complete Works , tr. D. Frame, 1332.

18. Q. How to live? A. Give up control

1 On Marie de Gournay: Fogel; Ilsley; Tetel (ed.), Montaigne et Marie de Gournay; Nakam, G., “Marie le Jars de Gournay, ‘fille d’alliance’ de Montaigne (1565–1645),” in Arnould (ed.), Marie de Gournay et l’édition de 1595 des Essais de Montaigne , 11–21. Her collected works are available as Gournay, Oeuvres complètes (2002).

2 “A woman pretending to learning”: Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing (1641 version), as translated by Hillman and Quesnel in their edition of Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing and Other Works , 107–54, this 126.

3 Tangle of intellect and emotion: Gournay, Peincture des moeurs , in L’Ombre de la demoiselle de Gournay (1626), as cited in Ilsley 129.

4 Hellebore: Gournay, Preface (1998) 27.

5 “How did he know all that about me?” Levin: The Times (Dec. 2, 1991), p. 14. “It seems he is my very self”: Gide, A., Montaigne (London & New York: Blackamore Press, 1929), 77–8. “Here is a ‘you’ ”: Zweig, “Montaigne” 17.

6 Meeting: Gournay, Preface (1998) 27.

7 Bodkin: I:14 49. In the Bordeaux Copy, he only says “a girl,” but Gournay’s own edition specifies “a girl in Picardy” whom he saw just before his trip to Blois.

8 Working together in Picardy: in fact, only three of the new additions are in her handwriting. Montaigne: Essais. Reproduction en fac-similé , ff. 42v., 47r. and 290v. See Hoffmann, G. and Legros, A., “Sécretaires,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 901–4, this 901.

9 “The man whom I am so honored in calling father” and “I cannot, Reader”: Gournay, Preface (1998) 27, 29. “In truth, if someone is surprised”: Gournay, The Promenade of Monsieur de Montaigne , in Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing [etc.], 21–67, this 29.

10 Léonor as Gournay’s sister: Ilsley 34.

11 “Nor is there any fear”: Gournay, The Promenade of Monsieur de Montaigne , in Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing [etc.] 21–67, this 32. “He was mine for only four years” and “When he praised me”: Gournay, Preface to the Essays 99.

12 “She is the only person I still think about.” II:17 610. Suspicions about this passage date back to Arthur-Antoine Armaingaud, who queried it in a speech published in the first Bulletin of the Société des Amis de Montaigne in 1913. See Keffer 129. She deleted it from her 1635 edition of the Essais . On slips falling out: see e.g. I:18 63n. and I:21 624n. in D. Frame’s edition of the Complete Works . On the rebinding of the Bordeaux Copy, see Desan, P., “Exemplaire de Bordeaux,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 363–8, this 366.

13 Letters to Lipsius: Gournay to Lipsius April 25, 1593 and May 2, 1596, as translated in Ilsley 40–1 and 79–80; Lipsius to Gournay, May 24, 1593, published in Lipsius, J., Epistolarum selectarum centuria prima ad Belgas (Antwerp: Moret, 1602), I:15, and here as translated in Ilsley 42.

14 The Proumenoir: Gournay, M. de, Le Proumenoir de Monsieur de Montaigne (Paris: A. l’Angelier, 1594), translated in Gournay, Apology for the Woman Writing [etc.] 21–67. Its origins explained in the epistle: 25.

15 Gournay’s edition: Montaigne, Essais (1595): see “Sources.”

16 On her last-minute corrections: Sayce and Maskell 28 (entry 7A); and Céard, J., “Montaigne et ses lecteurs: l’édition de 1595,” a paper given in a debate about the 1595 edition at the Bibliothèque nationale in 2002, 1–2, http://www.amisdemontaigne.net/cearded1595.pdf.

17 Gournay as protector: Gournay, Preface to the Essays: “Having lost their father”: 101. “When I defend him”: 43. “One cannot deal with great affairs”: 53. “Whoever says of Scipio”: 79. “Excellence exceeds all limits”: and “ravished”: 81. Judging people by what they think of the Essays: 31. Diderot: article “Pyrrhonienne,” in the Encyclopédie , cited in Tilley 269.

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