Sarah Bakewell - How to Live - A Life of Montaigne in One Question and Twenty Attempts at an Answer

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From Starred Review
Review In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers. -Bryce Christensen
“This charming biography shuffles incidents from Montaigne’s life and essays into twenty thematic chapters… Bakewell clearly relishes the anthropological anecdotes that enliven Montaigne’s work, but she handles equally well both his philosophical influences and the readers and interpreters who have guided the reception of the essays.”
— “Serious, engaging, and so infectiously in love with its subject that I found myself racing to finish so I could start rereading the Essays themselves… It is hard to imagine a better introduction — or reintroduction — to Montaigne than Bakewell’s book.”
—Lorin Stein, “Ms. Bakewell’s new book,
, is a biography, but in the form of a delightful conversation across the centuries.”
— “So artful is Bakewell’s account of [Montaigne] that even skeptical readers may well come to share her admiration.”
— “Extraordinary… a miracle of complex, revelatory organization, for as Bakewell moves along she provides a brilliant demonstration of the alchemy of historical viewpoint.”
— “Well,
is a superb book, original, engaging, thorough, ambitious, and wise.”
—Nick Hornby, in the November/December 2010 issue of “In
, an affectionate introduction to the author, Bakewell argues that, far from being a dusty old philosopher, Montaigne has never been more relevant — a 16th-century blogger, as she would have it — and so must be read, quite simply, ‘in order to live’… Bakewell is a wry and intelligent guide.”
— “Witty, unorthodox…
is a history of ideas told entirely on the ground, never divorced from the people thinking them. It hews close to Montaigne’s own preoccupations, especially his playful uncertainty — Bakewell is a stickler for what we can’t know…
is a delight…”
— “This book will have new readers excited to be acquainted to Montaigne’s life and ideas, and may even stir their curiosity to read more about the ancient Greek philosophers who influenced his writing.
is a great companion to Montaigne’s essays, and even a great stand-alone.”
— “A bright, genial, and generous introduction to the master’s methods.”
— “[Bakewell reveals] one of literature's enduring figures as an idiosyncratic, humane, and surprisingly modern force.”

(starred)
“As described by Sarah Bakewell in her suavely enlightening
Montaigne is, with Walt Whitman, among the most congenial of literary giants, inclined to shrug over the inevitability of human failings and the last man to accuse anyone of self-absorption. His great subject, after all, was himself.”
—Laura Miller, “Lively and fascinating…
takes its place as the most enjoyable introduction to Montaigne in the English language.”
— “Splendidly conceived and exquisitely written… enormously absorbing.”
— “
will delight and illuminate.”
— “It is ultimately [Montaigne’s] life-loving vivacity that Bakewell succeeds in communicating to her readers.”
—The Observer
“This subtle and surprising book manages the trick of conversing in a frank and friendly manner with its centuries-old literary giant, as with a contemporary, while helpfully placing Montaigne in a historical context. The affection of the author for her subject is palpable and infectious.”
—Phillip Lopate, author of “An intellectually lively treatment of a Renaissance giant and his world.”
— “Like recent books on Proust, Joyce, and Austen,
skillfully plucks a life-guide from the incessant flux of Montaigne’s prose… A superb, spirited introduction to the master.”
— In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers. -Bryce Christensen Named one of Library Journal’s Top Ten Best Books of 2010 In a wide-ranging intellectual career, Michel de Montaigne found no knowledge so hard to acquire as the knowledge of how to live this life well. By casting her biography of the writer as 20 chapters, each focused on a different answer to the question How to live? Bakewell limns Montaigne’s ceaseless pursuit of this most elusive knowledge. Embedded in the 20 life-knowledge responses, readers will find essential facts — when and where Montaigne was born, how and whom he married, how he became mayor of Bordeaux, how he managed a public life in a time of lethal religious and political passions. But Bakewell keeps the focus on the inner evolution of the acute mind informing Montaigne’s charmingly digressive and tolerantly skeptical essays. Flexible and curious, this was a mind at home contemplating the morality of cannibals, the meaning of his own near-death experience, and the puzzlingly human behavior of animals. And though Montaigne has identified his own personality as his overarching topic, Bakewell marvels at the way Montaigne’s prose has enchanted diverse readers — Hazlitt and Sterne, Woolf and Gide — with their own reflections. Because Montaigne’s capacious mirror still captivates many, this insightful life study will win high praise from both scholars and general readers.
—Bryce Christensen

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31 Toulouse: Montaigne says he met the physician Simon Thomas there (I:21 82) and mentions its Martin Guerre trial, though he does not say that he attended it in person: III:11 959. Paris: III:9 903.

32 Montaigne’s magistracy: see Almqvist, K., “Magistrature,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 619–22. On early years in Périgueux and the transfer to Bordeaux: Frame, Montaigne 46–51, including Frame’s translation of the report of Montaigne’s speech.

33 Montaigne’s job: five of Montaigne’s interpretations have survived. See Lazard 89.

34 “It is more of a job”: III:13 996. Judge Bridlegoose: Tiers livre , chaps 39–44, in Rabelais, The Complete Works . Tossing dice: 457.

35 Cases of injustice: III:13 998. Montaigne on the law: see Tournon, A., “Justice and the Law,” in Langer (ed.), Cambridge Companion 96–117, and “Droit,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 284–6. On other contemporary critics of the law, see Sutcliffe, F., “Montaigne and the European legal system,” in Cameron (ed.), Montaigne and his Age 39–47.

36 Fallibility of judges: II:12 514. Fallibility of laws: III:13 1000.

37 Trips to Paris: Montaigne is known to have made several between 1559 and 1561. See Lazard 91, 107.

38 Henri II “could never call by his right name”: I:46 244.

39 On the French political and religious background in the 1550s and 1560s: see Holt; Knecht, Rise and Fall and The French Civil Wars; Nakam, Montaigne et son temps .

40 “It is folly”: Michel de L’Hôpital cited in Knecht, Rise and Fall 338. “Everyone considers his own God” and “Un roi, une foi, une loi”: Elliott, J. H., Europe Divided 1559–1598 (London: Fontana, 1968), 93–4, the former a quotation from Pedro Cornejo’s Compenio y breve relación de la Liga (Brussels, 1591), f. 6.

41 “A great fear”: Knecht, Rise and Fall 349. Vassy and the outbreak of war: ibid., 352–5.

42 Pasquier to M. de Fonssomme, Spring 1562: Pasquier, E., Lettres historiques 98–100. Cited Holt 50.

43 “I do not believe that God”: II:23 628–9.

44 Monluc’s stories: Monluc 246–72. More wheels and stakes ordered: Nakam, Montaigne et son temps 144.

45 Montaigne on Monluc: II:8 348.

46 The d’Escars plot and Montaigne’s response: see Frame, Montaigne 53–5; which also translates the report of Montaigne’s speech, from Payen, J.-F., Recherches sur Montaigne. Documents inédits , no. 4 (Techener, 1856), 20. Montaigne’s admiration for the Lagebâton faction: II:17 609.

47 “By my nature I am subject to sudden outbursts”: III:5 824. The response is discussed in Frame, Montaigne 52–5.

5. Q. How to live? A. Survive love and loss

1 La Boétie: see Cocula; and Magnien, M., Montaigne Studies 11 (1999) is mostly devoted to La Boétie.

2 “So entire and so perfect”: I:28 165. “So taken with each other”: I:28 169.

3 La Boétie’s poem was included in Montaigne’s edition of La Boétie’s works: La Boétie, La Mesnagerie [etc.], ff. 103v–105r (“Ad Michaëlem Montanum”). It has been published in Montaigne Studies 3, no. 1, (1991), with an English translation by Robert D. Cottrell (16–47), and is also translated in Frame, Montaigne 75.

4 Wills plunging and losing themselves: I:28 170. On the question of love and friendship, see Schachter, M. D., “ ‘That friendship which possesses the soul’: Montaigne loves La Boétie,” Journal of Homosexuality no. 41 3–4 (2001) 5–21, and Beck, W.J., “Montaigne face à la homosexualité,” BSAM 6e sér. 9–10 (jan — juin 1982), 41–50.

5 Ugliness: III:12 986. See Desan, P., “Laid-Laideur” in Desan, Dictionnaire 561. Socrates and Alcibiades: Plato, Symposium 102 (216a — b).

6 “Our souls mingle,” “If you press me,” and “Our friendship has no other model”: I:28 169. “Many a time I should be glad”: Plato, Symposium 102 (216a — b).

7 Montaigne on the Voluntary Servitude: I:28 175. The original manuscript has never been located, and is known only through copies made of it, of which that by Henri de Mesmes is thought most reliable. It is the basis for most modern editions, including the English translation used here, by D. L. Schaefer: La Boétie, “Of Voluntary Servitude” (see “Sources”). Rimbaud of political sociology: Lacouture 86. See Magnien, M., “Discours de la servitude volontaire,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 272–6.

8 Nero and Julius Caesar: La Boétie, “Of Voluntary Servitude,” 210–11. Tyranny as mysterious as love: ibid. 194. “A million men serving miserably”: ibid. 192.

9 “You see, love”: Colonel Abdullah Nasur, interviewed for The Man Who Ate His Archbishop’s Liver , Channel 4 (UK), March 12, 2004. Thanks to Elizabeth C. Jones for this quotation.

10 “A deep forgetfulness of freedom,” and power of habit: La Boétie, “Of Voluntary Servitude”, 201.

11 A few freed by study of history: La Boétie, “Of Voluntary Servitude,” 205–6.

12 Aims of La Boétie: see Smith, 53.

13 “Contr’un,” in Reveille-matin des François (1574) and Goulart, S., Mémoires de l’estat de France sous Charles IX (1577, and 2nd edn 1579). It would also be included in a work called Vive description de la tyrannie . See Magnien, M., “Discours de la servitude volontaire,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 273–4, and Smith, M., introduction to his edition of La Boëtie, De la Servitude volontaire (1987), 24–6.

14 Anti-Dictator: La Boétie, Anti-Dictator , tr. H. Kurz (New York: Columbia University Press, 1942). Later such editions include a publication of the Kurz translation as The Politics of Obedience: The Discourse of Voluntary Servitude (New York: Free Life Editions, 1975), with an introduction by libertarian Murray Rothbard, reissued as The Politics of Obedience and Étienne de la Boétie (Montreal, New York & London: Black Rose Books, 2007); and The Will to Bondage , ed. W. Flygare, with an introduction by James J. Martin (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1974), which combines the Protestant French edition of 1577 with an anonymous English translation of 1735.

15 “Anonymous, low-visibility, one-man revolution”: Martin, James J., introduction to La Boétie, The Will to Bondage , ed. W. Flygare (Colorado Springs: Ralph Myles, 1974), ix.

16 Opposing female suffrage: Spooner, L., “Against woman suffrage,” New Age , Feb. 24, 1877. This and other texts are available on http://www.voluntaryist.com/. The idea that one can bring about a revolution by not voting has inspired a novel by the Portuguese writer José Saramago, Seeing , tr. M. Jull Costa (London: Vintage, 2007).

17 “It seemed to me”: Emerson, 92.

18 All Montaigne’s remarks on the Voluntary Servitude I:28 175–6.

19 Montaigne’s revelation of its authorship: see Magnien, M., “Discours de la servitude volontaire,” in Desan, Dictionnaire 274–5.

20 “In exchange for this serious work”: I:28 176. “These verses may be seen elsewhere”: I:29 177. The 29 sonnets, translated into English by R. P. Runyon, can be seen in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude 223–35.

21 Pléiade poets: La Boétie, “Of Voluntary Servitude,” 214. “But to return to our purpose”: ibid. 208. “But to return from where”: ibid. 215.

22 Attribution to Montaigne: Armaingaud, A., “Montaigne et La Boétie,” Revue politique et parlementaire 13 (mars 1906), 499–522 and (mai 1906), 322–48, later developed in his Montaigne pamphlétaire: l’enigme du “Contr’Un” (Paris: Hachette, 1910). Schaefer, D. L., “Montaigne and La Boétie” in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude 1–30, esp. 9–11; and his Political Philosophy of Montaigne . On Schaefer, see Supple, J., “Davis Lewis Schaefer: Armaingaud rides again,” in Cameron and Willett (eds), Le Visage changeant (259–75). Martin, D., “Montaigne, author of On Voluntary Servitude,” in Schaefer (ed.), Freedom over Servitude 127–88 (flute: 137).

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