Various - The Journal of Negro History, Volume 1, January 1916

Hickok, "The Negro in Ohio," 41, 42.

Warden, "Statistical, Political and Historical Account of the United States of North America," 264.

Quillin, "The Color Line in Ohio," 32.

The Census of the United States, from 1800 to 1850.

Flint's Letters in Thwaite's "Early Western Travels," IX, 239.

Cist, "Cincinnati in 1841," 37; Cincinnati Daily Gazette , Sept. 14, 1841.

Ibid.

United States Census, 1850.

Ohio State Journal , May 3, 1827; African Repository , III, 254.

Abdy, "Journal of a Tour in the United States," III, 62.

Jay, "Miscellaneous Writings on Slavery," 27, 373, 385, 387; Minutes of the Convention of the Colored People of Ohio, 1849.

Barber, "A Report on the Condition of the Colored People of Ohio," 1840.

Proceedings of the Ohio Antislavery Convention, 1835, 19.

Ibid.

Proceedings of the Ohio Antislavery Convention, 1835, 19.

African Repository , V, 185.

African Repository , V, 185.

For a lengthy account of these efforts see Woodson's "The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861," 245, 328, 329; and Hickok, "The Negro in Ohio," 83, 88.

Fairchild, "Oberlin: Its Origin, Progress and Results."

Howe, "Historical Collections of Ohio," 356.

The Southern Workman , XXXVII, 169.

For a full account see Howe, "Historical Collections of Ohio," 225-226.

Barber, "Report on the Condition of the Colored People in Ohio," 1840, and The Philanthropist , July 14 and 21, 1840.

These facts are taken from A. D. Barber's "Report on the Condition of the Colored People in Ohio" and from other articles contributed to The Philanthropist in July, 1840.

In this case I have taken the statements of Negroes who were employed in this capacity.

The Philanthropist , July 14 and 24, 1840; and May 26, 1841.

Hickok, "The Negro in Ohio," 89.

The Philanthropist , July 14 and 21, 1840.

The Philanthropist , July 21, 1840.

The Cincinnati Daily Gazette , September 14, 1841.

The Philanthropist , July 21, 1840.

Ibid.

The Cincinnati Daily Gazette , September 14, 1841.

A detailed account of these clashes is given in The Cincinnati Daily Gazette , September 14, 1841.

The Cincinnati Daily Gazette , September, 1841.

A very interesting account of this riot is given in Howe's "Historical Collections of Ohio," pages 226-228.

It was discovered that not a few of the mob came from Kentucky. About eleven o'clock on Saturday night a bonfire was lighted on that side of the river and loud shouts were sent up as if triumph had been achieved. "In some cases." says a reporter, "the directors were boys who suggested the point of attack, put the vote, declared the result and led the way."–Cin. Daily Gaz., Sept. 14, 1841.

Hickok, "The Negro in Ohio," 90 et seq.

Laws of Ohio, XL, 81.

Ibid. , LIII, 118.

The Convention Debates.

Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 1871, page 372.

Laws of Ohio.

Ibid. , LIII, 118.

The New York Tribune , February 19, 1855.

Lyell, "A Second Visit to the United States of North America," II, 295, 296.

The Weekly Herald and Philanthropist , June 26, 1844, August 6, 1844, and January 1, 1845.

The Cincinnati Directory of 1860.

Foote, "The Schools of Cincinnati," 92.

The Weekly Herald and Philanthropist , August 23, 1844.

Special Report of the United States Commissioner of Education, 372.

Simmons, "Men of Mark," 490.

A white slaveholder, a graduate of Amherst, taught in this school. See Weekly Herald and Philanthropist , June 26, 1844.

These facts were obtained from oral statements of Negroes who were living in Cincinnati at this time; from M. R. Delany's "The Condition of the Colored People in the United States"; from A. D. Barber's "Report on the Condition of the Colored People in Ohio," 1840; and from various Cincinnati Directories.

Delany, "The Condition of the Colored People in the United States," 92.

The Cincinnati Directory for 1860.

For the leading facts concerning the life of Robert Gordon I have depended on the statements of his children and acquaintances and on the various directories and documents giving evidence concerning the business men of Cincinnati.

For many of the facts set forth in this article the writer is indebted to Miss Fannie M. Richards, Robert A. Pelham, and C. G. Woodson.

Woodson, The Ed. of the Negro Prior to 1861, pp. 92, 217, 218.

The law was as follows: Be it enacted by the General Assembly that if any free person of color, whether infant or adult, shall go or be sent or carried beyond the limits of this Commonwealth for the purpose of being educated, he or she shall be deemed to have emigrated from the State and it shall not be lawful for him or her to return to the same; and if any such person shall return within the limits of the State contrary to the provisions of this act, he or she being an infant shall be bound out as an apprentice until the age of 21 years, by the overseers of the poor of the county or corporation where he or she may be, and at the expiration of that period, shall be sent out of the State agreeably to the provisions of the laws now in force, or which may hereafter be enacted to prohibit the migration of free persons of color to this State; and if such person be an adult, he or she shall be sent in like manner out of the Commonwealth; and if any persons having been so sent off, shall hereafter return within the State, he or she so offending shall be dealt with and punished in the same manner as is or may be prescribed by law in relating to other persons of color returning to the State after having been sent therefrome. Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia, 1838, p. 76.