Isaiah Berlin: The Hedgehog and the Fox

Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin), 2

Monge, Gaspard, comte de Péluse, 76

Montaigne, Michel Eyquem, seigneur de: as ‘fox’, 2

Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, baron de, 14; De l’esprit des lois, 74n

Moore, George Edward, 100

morale: in war, 56, 59n

Moscow: in War and Peace, 19

Moses (Biblical figure), 84

Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor of the French: Tolstoy on, 21, 24–7, 28, 31, 55–6, 60, 72, 87, 96; Kareev on, 38; exiles king of Sardinia, 54; and suffering, 79

Navalikhin, S. (pseudonym of Vil′gel′m Vil′gel′movich Bervi, also known as Vasily Vasil′evich Bervi-Flerovsky), 7n

Nazar′ev, Valer′yan Nikolaevich, 15

Newton, Isaac, 76

Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 62

Nietzsche, Friedrich Wilhelm: as ‘hedgehog’, 2; and Maistre, 54

nihilism: attributed to Tolstoy, 11, 61, 82

Norov, Avraam Sergeevich, 7n

Obninsky, Viktor Petrovich, 9n

Omodeo, Adolpho, 53n

original sin: Maistre on destiny and, 80

Orthodox Church, 50

Oxford and Asquith, Julian Edward George Asquith, 2nd Earl of, xv, 101, 112

Oxford Slavonic Papers, xiii, xvii, 92, 103

Pareto, Vilfredo Federico Damaso,

Parmenides, 113

Pascal, Blaise: as ‘hedgehog’, 2, 91; and knowledge, 86

Paulucci, General Filipp Osipovich, marquis, 21, 55, 72, 77

Pertsev, Vladimir Nikolaevich, 9n

Pfuel, General Ernst von, 21, 72, 77

Piedmont–Sardinia, 54–5

Pisarev, Dmitry Ivanovich, 48

Plato: as ‘hedgehog’, 2, 91, 93

Pobedonostsev, Konstantin Petrovich, 67

Pogodin, Mikhail Petrovich, 48

Pokrovsky, Konstantin Vasil′evich, 31n, 61n

Polner, Tikhon Ivanovich, 9n

power: Tolstoy on, 26–8, 33–4, 36

Pre-Raphaelites, 84

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, 51, 66n; La Guerre et la paix, 51, 66n, 74n

Proust, Marcel: as ‘hedgehog’, 2, 91

Pushkin, Aleksandr Sergeevich: as ‘fox’, 2–4, 95; Dostoevsky’s speech on, 3

Pyatkovsky, Aleksandr Petrovich, 7n

rationalism: and French Revolution, 62

revolutions of 1848–9: and Russia, 62

Rousseau, Jean Jacques: Tolstoy reads and admires, 14, 28, 47–8, 52, 68, 87, 92; on killing, 66n; Maistre denounces, 68; on reasons of the heart, 86; and knowledge, 88; Émile, 47

Rubinshtein, Moisey Matveevich, 9n, 28n

Russia: repression in, 62

Saint-Simon, Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de, 16

Samarin, Yury Fedorovich, 48

Schelling, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von: influence on Slavophils, 49;

and Tolstoy, 49; and knowledge, 86

Schopenhauer, Arthur, 51

Schuster, (Max) Lincoln: letter to, 92

science: Tolstoy’s view of, 74–7, 80, 87

Senfft von Pilsach, Ludovike Henriette Karoline, Gräfin (‘Louise’), 66n

Shakespeare, William: as ‘fox’, 2, 4, 91

Shaw, George Bernard, 22, 23n

Shelgunov, Nikolay Vasil′evich, 8

Shklovsky, Viktor Borisovich, 7n, 31n, 46n

Simmons, Ernest Joseph, 8

Simon, (Han) Paul: letter to, 93

Slavophils: Tolstoy and, 48–50, 65; Schelling’s influence on, 49; and Maistre, 84

social contract, 27–8, 48

sociology: founding of, 16

Sorel, Albert, 9n, 11, 61, 66

Spencer, Herbert, 48

Speransky, Count Mikhail Mikhailovich, 19, 63

Spinoza, Benedictus de, 31

Staël, Anne Louise Germaine Necker, baronne de, 27

Stalin, Josef Vissarionovich, 9n

Stein, Heinrich Friedrich Karl, Count von und zu, 27

Stendhal (pseudonym of Marie Henri Beyle): influence on Tolstoy, 52, 60, 92; on Maistre, 66; La Chartreuse de Parme, 20n, 52

Sterne, Laurence, 14

Stroganov, Pavel Aleksandrovich, Count, 56

Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 87

Talbott, Strobe, 107

Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de, 25

Taylor, Alan John Percivale, 94

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, 14

Todd, Michael (‘Mike’; born Avrom Hirsh Goldbogen), 101

Tolstoy, Lev Nikolaevich: on ultimate truth, xi; as ‘hedgehog’ or ‘fox’, 3–5, 82, 91, 95, 101–2; view of history, 5–16, 18–22, 28–30, 39–40, 46, 48, 64, 69, 71–2, 78–9, 95, 112; Turgenev on, 6, 22, 36, 44; moral-social concerns, 11–12; nihilism, 11, 61, 82; empiricism, 13, 48, 68, 80, 86; reading and influences on, 14, 46–55, 64–6; disbelieves in free will, 29, 32, 51; abhors abstractions, 36–7; attacked for social indifferentism, 36; on false solutions, 39; ideals and reality, 39–42, 71, 80–1, 89–90; creative genius, 42; and personal conflict, 42–4; advocates single vision, 43–4, 79, 102–3; on feeling, 44; idealises simplicity, 47, 69; and Slavophils, 48–50, 65; anti-liberalism, 49, 62–3; aversion to intellectualism, 49, 63; on human suffering, 51; and Speransky, 63; rejects political reform, 69; on science, 74–7, 80, 87; on human limitations, 81–2; destructive force, 83; language, 83; on knowledge, 85–6; tragic temperament, 89–90; Anna Karenina, 72, 79; War and Peace, 5, 36–8, 41, 47–9, 51, 56, 58–60, 62, 64–5, 74n, 78–80, 96

Tolstoy, Nikolay Nikolaevich, 40, 52

Toscanini, Arturo, 103

Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich: relation to Pushkin and Dostoevsky, 3; antipathy to Tolstoy, 6, 22, 36, 44; letter from Flaubert, 6; Fathers and Children, 73

Tyutchev, Fedor Ivanovich, 48

Vico, Giambattista, 111

Vitmer, Aleksandr Nikolaevich, 7n

Vogt, Karl, 82

Vogüé, Eugène Marie Melchior, vicomte de, 1, 8, 11, 67

Voltaire (François Marie Arouet): irony, 43; Maistre’s hostility to, 68, 70; on history, 95; reputation, 111

Vyazemsky, Prince Petr Andreevich, 10

Wackenroder, Wilhelm Heinrich, 84

war: Tolstoy on, 21–2, 56, 61, 62, 66, 66n; Maistre on, 57–60, 66 & 66n

Waterloo, battle of (1815), 52

Weidenfeld, (Arthur) George, Baron, xiii, 104, 112n

Wells, Herbert George, 22

White, Morton, xiin

will: freedom of, 29, 32, 51

Wilson, Edmund: letter to, 91; claims IB longs to be ‘hedgehog’, 93–4

Woolf, (Adeline) Virginia, 22

Yakovenko, Boris Valentinovich, 8n

Zenkovsky, Vasily Vasil′evich, 8n

Zhikharev, Stepan Petrovich, 56

Zweig, Stefan, 8