Kathy Reichs - Bones of the Lost - A Temperance Brennan Novel

I provided a jargon-free overview of the biomechanics of gunshot wounding, including the effects of projectile tumbling, cavitation, and fragmentation.

Hawthorn: “Tell us about bullet damage to bone.”

“A projectile traveling at high speed subjects bone to sudden dynamic stress. Though bone is thought to be rigid, it actually has some elasticity. As with soft tissue, when a bullet penetrates bone, a temporary cavity is created.”

Hawthorn: “What velocity is required for penetration of bone?”

“Studies suggest a minimum of two hundred feet per second. Much less than a bullet fired from an M16.”

Hawthorn: “Tell us about exit and entrance wounds.”

“Typically, when a bullet penetrates bone, a circular to oval defect is created at the point of entrance. The defect’s edges are sharp, and its diameter may roughly approximate that of the bullet’s caliber. An exit defect tends to be larger and more irregular in shape.”

Hawthorn: “Why?”

“A number of factors, including the potential for bullet deformation or fragmentation, and the potential loss of much of the bullet’s kinetic energy.”

Hawthorn: “Larger size and irregular shape. Are those the only differences?”

“No. As a bullet exits bone, fragments are broken off the edges of the exit surface and propelled forward, accompanying the bullet on its path. As a result, an exit defect is beveled out in a conelike fashion. Schematic representations are included in my report. I also have photos and copies of X-rays.”

“Have you transferred those to a computer-imaging format which you can display on our screen?”

“Yes.”

I booted my laptop, opened my PowerPoint presentation, and advanced to an image of a section of rib.

“This photo shows the anterior aspect of a piece of Mr. Aqsaee’s right fifth rib.”

Hawthorn: “The part that faced front?”

“Yes.” I ran the cursor around the upper border of a partially preserved circular defect. “Note the sharp, clean edges. This is a bullet entrance hole.”

I advanced to the next image.

“This shows the posterior aspect of that same rib, the part that faced Mr. Aqsaee’s spine. Note the beveled edges of the defect. The beveling indicates that this is a bullet exit point.”

Hawthorn: “What does this fracture patterning tell you?”

“The bullet trajectory was front to back.”

Gross remained impassive, but seemed to glance at the bench every so often to gauge how the lieutenant colonel was reacting.

I moved to the next image.

“This defect is located on the anterior aspect of Mr. Aqsaee’s right seventh rib, at a point close to its articulation with the sternum.”

Hawthorn: “His breast bone.”

“Yes. Note that the defect characteristics are almost identical to those in the previous shot.”

The next image showed a posterior view of that same rib. As with the exit defect on the fifth rib, spalling was evident around the edges. I moved on.

“This shows bullet damage on a segment of that same rib, the seventh, at a point close to its articulation with the spinal column.”

Hawthorn: “Where it curves around to form the back of the rib cage?”

“Yes. This is an anterior view. Note the clean edges on the defect.”

Next image.

“This is a posterior view of that same segment of rib. Note the beveling.”

Hawthorn: “So a bullet entered the front of the rib cage at the level of the seventh rib, then exited that same rib in back, near the spine.”

“Yes.” Next image. “This is a view of the anterior surface of Mr. Aqsaee’s sternum, after rearticulation of the broken pieces.”

“His breast bone.”

“Yes.”

Hawthorn: “You reconstructed it yourself?”

“Yes. Note the clean-edged circular defect at the middle right. This is a bullet entrance point.”

Next image.

“This shows the posterior aspect of the sternal defect. Note its significantly larger size, irregular shape, and the fragmentation that exposes the underlying spongy bone. This is a bullet exit point. The fracture patterning demonstrated on these two images indicates that a bullet traveled through Mr. Aqsaee’s sternum on a trajectory of front to back.”

Hawthorn: “So. You are saying that three bullets entered Mr. Aqsaee’s chest and exited his back.”

“A minimum of three. There could have been more. I can only observe trauma evident on the skeleton.”

Hawthorn: “Do the flight paths of these bullets suggest anything concerning Mr. Aqsaee’s position relative to that of Lieutenant Gross at the time of the shooting?”

I projected a photograph to which I’d added graphics to illustrate this point. The reconstructed sternum, rib fragments, and vertebral fragments were placed in anatomically appropriate positions in a schematic of a skeleton. A red line connected each entrance wound with its associated exit wound, then extended forward and backward from the rib cage and spinal column. Each line ran roughly parallel to the skeleton’s feet.

“The bullet trajectories suggest that Mr. Aqsaee was upright and facing Lieutenant Gross when he was shot.”

Gross’s lips tightened. His chin hitched up a millimeter, leveled.

“I can also project the X-rays.”

I moved to an image in which brilliant white dots peppered a partial rib and two vertebral fragments.

“When a gun is fired, metal particulates can travel with the bullet as it moves through the body. These particulates appear here as white specks due to their greater density in comparison to bone.”

I advanced to an image superimposing the X-ray over a schematic of a rib cage, and drew the cursor along a path from the rib to the vertebrae.

“Note how the metallic trace is more densely packed in the rib, less so in the vertebrae. Particles were lost as the bullet advanced along its path.”

Hawthorn: “Its path being from the chest toward the spine.”

“Yes. In addition to metallic trace, bone fragments can be displaced forward as a bullet moves through tissue.”

I placed the cursor beside a minute sliver, not as intensely white as the metallic trace, but brighter than the vertebral bone in which it was embedded. Then I moved it to another sliver, and another.

“These bone fragments came from the blowout zone at the back of the sternum, from the area of bone loss we observed earlier. The orientation of the fragments suggests they were traveling from front to back with the bullet.”

“So, in summary, this evidence substantiates your conclusion that Mr. Aqsaee was upright and facing Lieutenant Gross when shot in the chest.”

“Yes.”

“Did you prepare a report of your procedures, findings, and conclusions?”

“I did.”

Hawthorn: “Let me show you defense exhibit one. Is that your report?”

“Yes, it is.”

“Sir, the defense moves to admit exhibit one into evidence. A copy was previously provided to Major Nelson.”

Nelson did not object to the report and had no questions for me. Keever advised that he would submit his conclusions and recommendations within a week, then adjourned the hearing.

Even while the flow of testimony was running decidedly in his favor, Gross never relaxed or smiled. He’d remained taut and erect throughout, battling his twitch.

As I passed the defense table, he disengaged from Hawthorn and strode toward me. His face revealed nothing, but his step and carriage radiated confidence.

“Thank you, ma’am.”

Gross’s hand shot out. Without thinking I responded.

Gross’s cuff hiked up as we shook, revealing the lower part of a tattoo. I saw the bottom of the Marine Corps globe and anchor, the letters RIP circling below.

I’d heard that this version was favored by the most “gung ho mofo” types. Mess with the Corps and you’ll rest in peace.