Chalmers Johnson - The Sorrows of Empire - Militarism, Secrecy, and the End of the Republic

13. See the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect (Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2001). Also see Ernst B. Haas, Beware the Slippery Slope: Notes toward the Definition of Justifiable Intervention, Policy Papers in International Affairs no. 42 (Berkeley: Institute of International Studies, University of California, 1993); Stanley Hoffmann, The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention (Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996); and Samantha Power, A Problem from Hell: America and the Age of Genocide (New York: Basic Books, 2002).

14. “U.S. Said Violating International Treaties,” Reuters, Washington, April 4, 2002.

15. David Moberg, “Courting Disaster,” In These Times, June 10, 2002.

16. Carola Hoyos, “Milosevic War Crimes Trial Threatened by U.S. Demand,” Financial Times, June 12, 2002. See also David Teather, “U.S. Threat to Wreck Treaty System,” Guardian, May 6, 2002; Neal A. Lewis, “U.S. to Renounce Its Role in Pact for World Tribunal,” New York Times, May 5, 2002; and Lewis, “U.S. Rejects All Support for New Court on Atrocities,” New York Times, May 7, 2002.

17. The legislation is H.R. 4775, 107th Cong., 2nd sess.: “A bill making supplemental appropriations for further recovery from and response to terrorist attacks on the United States for the fiscal year ending September 30, 2002, and for other purposes.” Also see Expatica News, The Hague, “U.S. Invasion Proposal Shocks MPs,” June 10, 2002, ; “Dutch Citizens Up in Arms over U.S. Congressional Act That Would Protect U.S. Officials or Service Personnel from War Crimes Convictions in The Hague,” National Public Radio, Morning Edition, June 14, 2002.

18. Elizabeth Becker, “On World Court, U.S. Focus Shifts to Shielding Officials,” New York Times, September 7, 2002; “U.S. Fears Prosecution of President in World Court,” Reuters, November 15, 2002.

19. See, e.g., Conn Hallinan, “America’s War Criminals,” San Francisco Examiner, July 10, 2001; Marcus Gee, “Is Henry Kissinger a War Criminal?” Toronto Globe & Mail, June 11, 2002.

20. William Burr and Michael L. Evans, eds., “East Timor Revisited: Ford, Kissinger, and the Indonesian Invasion, 1975–1976,” National Security Archive, December 6, 2001, . Also see Agence France-Presse, “U.S. Endorsed Indonesia’s East Timor Invasion: Secret Documents,” December 7, 2001; Jim Wolf, Reuters, “U.S. Agreed to Indonesia’s Invasion of E. Timor, Documents Reveal,” San Diego Union-Tribune, December 20, 2001.

21. See, e.g., Jim Mann, “Unilateralism Dead? That’s a Myth Perception,” Los Angeles Times, October 24, 2001; and Michael Byers, “The World according to Cheney, Rice, and Rumsfeld,” London Review of Books, February 21, 2002.

22. Nicholas Watt, Richard Norton-Taylor, and Oliver Burkeman, “Camp X-Ray Row Threatens First British Split with U.S.,” Guardian, January 21, 2002; Caroline Daniel, “Legitimacy of U.S. Detentions Challenged,” Financial Times, December 3, 2002; Neil A. Lewis, “Guantánamo Prisoners Ask for Rights,” New York Times, December 3, 2002; Jane Sutton, “A Year Later, Guantánamo Prisoners Still in Limbo,” Reuters, January 10, 2003.

23. William D. Hartung, “Making the World Safe for Nuclear Weapons,” May 14, 2002, ; Richard Butler, “Nuclear Testing and National Honor,” New York Times, July 13, 2001; and Rebeca E. Johnson, “Who’s for a Nuclear Free-For-All?” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 58 (June 2001).

24. International Herald Tribune, July 14, 2001.

25. Michael J. Glennon, “How War Left the Law Behind,” New York Times, November 21, 2002.

26. “America as Sparta,” Boston Globe Online, March 12, 2002.

27. Alan W. Bock, “War and Peace and Liberty,” Orange County Register, September 16, 2002.

28. Edward Alden, “A Spaceman in the Pentagon,” Financial Times, August 25–26, 2001; and James Dao, “A Low-Key Space Buff,” New York Times, August 25, 2001.

29. See Seumas Milne, “The Innocent Dead in a Coward’s War,” Guardian, December 20, 2001; Roberto J. Gonzales, “Ignorance of Casualties Isn’t Bliss,” San Diego Union-Tribune, January 4, 2002; Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting, “NYT Buries Story of Airstrikes on Afghan Civilians,” January 9, 2002, ; and Marc Herold, “Counting the Dead,” Guardian, August 8, 2002. Also see Herold’s Web sites for the raw data and further analysis: (1) “Dead Afghan Civilians: Disrobing the Non-Counters,” ; and (2) “Herold’s Research,” . The United Nations estimates that American bombing killed about 5,000 civilians directly and that up to 20,000 other Afghans died through the disruption of drought relief and the bombing’s other indirect effects. See Jonathan Steele, “Counting the Dead,” Guardian, January 29, 2003. The leaked U.N. report is available online at .

30. Loring Wirbel, “NRO, Space Command, NASA Tout Common Language of ‘Space Supremacy’ at Conference,” Global Network against Weapons and Nuclear Power in Space, April 11, 2002.

31. Ibid.

32. On the so-called fourth generation of warfare, i.e., one dominated by space-based warfare and “asymmetric” threats such as terrorism, see Peter J. Boyer, “A Different War: Is the Army Becoming Irrelevant?” New Yorker, July 1, 2002, pp. 54–67.

33. See Joseph Kay, “Bush Administration Renews U.S. Drive to Militarize Space,” July 25, 2001, ; Rob Larson, “Space for Rent: A Free Society Militarizes Space,” August 23, 2001, ; “The Final Frontier: The U.S. Military’s Drive to Dominate Space,” Colorado Springs Independent, December 13, 2001, ; and Theresa Hitchens, “U.S. Space Policy: Time to Stop and Think,” Disarmament Diplomacy, no. 67 (October-November 2002). Also relevant are: Carlton Meyer, “Preparing for War in Space,” G2mil: The Magazine of Future Warfare, June 2001, ; Charles Aldinger, “U.S. Likely to Put Arms in Space—Air Force Chief,” Reuters, August 1, 2001; Hu Xiaoming, “U.S. Will Probably Deploy Weapons in Outer Space,” People’s Daily (Beijing), August 3, 2001; Steve Boggin, “Space—The Final Frontier in a New and Terrifying Arms Race,” Independent (London), August 8, 2001; Bill McAllister, “AFA Grad May Lead Era of Space Warriors,” Denver Post, August 12, 2001; “U.S. Missile Experts Meet to Save the Nation—and Make a Few Bucks,” Space Daily, August 26, 2001, .

34. For details on the British death camps and statistics on the number who died, see Paul Harris, “’Spin’ on Boer Atrocities,” Observer, December 9, 2001. Also see BBC News, “Imperialism in the Dock—The Boer War,” November 10,1999.

35. Quoted by Kay, “Bush Administration.”

36. See Jason Vest, “The Dubious Genius of Andrew Marshall,” American Prospect, February 15, 2001; and Nicholas Lemann, “Dreaming about War,” New Yorker, July 16, 2001, pp. 32–38.

37. Nora K. Wallace, “Without Space, We’re Back to World War II,” Santa Barbara News-Press, April 23, 2003, .

38. Gail Kaufman and Gopal Ratnam, Space News, June 13, 2001. For other reports on attempts to cover up the BMD’s failings, see William J. Broad, “Missile Contractor Doctored Tests, Ex-Employee Charges,” New York Times, March 7, 2000; Broad, “Pentagon Classifies a Letter Critical of Antimissile Plan,” New York Times, May 20, 2000; Broad, “M.I.T. Studies Accusations of Lies and Cover-Up of Serious Flaws in Antimissile System,” New York Times, January 2, 2003; Broad, “U.S. Seeks Dismissal of Suit by Critic of Missile Defense,” New York Times, February 3, 2003; Arianna Huffington, “Blowing the Whistle on Bad Science,” AlterNet.org, March 14, 2002; Bradley Graham, “Secrecy on Missile Defense Grows,” Washington Post, June 12, 2002; and Graham, Hit to Kill: The New Battle over Shielding America from Missile Attack (New York: Public Affairs, 2001).