David D. Roberts - Totalitarianism

It is useful to be reminded of this possible fallacy, but Howe, in relying so heavily on terror and irrationality, was falling into essentialism and teleological thinking, enduring pitfalls that we will consider in the ensuing chapters. Thus he was too quick to give up on the possibility of historical understanding. The way out is simply to engage our subjects more deeply and to probe more deeply into the history that connects them with us. From within such a framework, we can better understand origins, assess responsibility, honor the victims, and serve the worthy aim of “never again.”

1 Tzvetan Todorov, Hope and Memory (London: Atlantic, 2003), 2. 2 Karl W. Deutsch, “Cracks in the Monolith: Possibilities and Patterns of Disintegration in Totalitarian Systems,” in Carl J. Friedrich (ed.), Totalitarianism (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1954), 309. 3 Mao Zedong’s name was rendered in English as Mao Tse-tung before the reform of the transliteration of the Chinese language in 1982, so he is referred to by that name in older works. 4 Evelyn Cameron: Pictures from a Worthy Life (Montana PBS; Missoula: University of Montana, 2005). 5 Anna Burns, Milkman: A Novel (Minneapolis: Graywolf Press, 2018), 25, 120, 172. 6 Masha Gessen, The Future is History: How Totalitarianism Reclaimed Russia (New York: Riverhead, 2017). 7 Michael Geyer and Sheila Fitzpatrick (eds), Beyond Totalitarianism: Stalinism and Nazism Compared (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2009). 8 Michael David-Fox, Introduction to Michael David-Fox, Peter Holquist, and Alexander M. Martin (eds), Fascination and Enmity: Russia and Germany as Entangled Histories, 1914–1945 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2012), 3. 9 Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia (New York: Norton, 2004), xxvii, 73. 10Irving Howe, Politics and the Novel (New York: Meridian, 1987 [1967]), 249–50.

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