James Johnson - Should Secret Voting Be Mandatory?

1 Series title

2 Title page Should Secret Voting Be Mandatory? James Johnson Susan Orr polity

3 Copyright page Copyright page Copyright © James Johnson and Susan Orr 2020 The right of James Johnson and Susan Orr to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published in 2020 by Polity Press Polity Press 65 Bridge Street Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK Polity Press 101 Station Landing Suite 300 Medford, MA 02155, USA All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3815-7 ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3816-4 (pb) A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Typeset in 11 on 15 Sabon by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Norfolk NR21 8NL Printed and bound in by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate. Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition. For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

4 Dedication Dedication This book is for Esme Lavinia Maureen Orr Johnson in the hope that she enjoys a democratic future and in memory of her beloved Nana, Maureen Carol Orr (1943–2020).

5 Introduction Notes

6 1 The Clash of Inclusion and Integrity? Ideals and institutions Institutions Ideals Secret voting among political theorists: advocates Secret voting among political theorists: critics The strategic structure of the secret ballot The normative terrain The limits of the secret ballot Notes

7 2 A Precarious Institution Under Siege Elections before secret voting The rise of the “Australian ballot” Consequences and limits of the Australian ballot Back to the future and beyond Notes

8 3 Non-Domination in Elections Requires Mandatory Voting Too Two clarifications The standard case for mandatory voting – and ours Inclusion goes awry – the varieties, extent, and consequences of convenience voting The normative terrain Conclusion Notes

9 References

10 End User License Agreement

1 Cover

2 Contents

3 1 The Clash of Inclusion and Integrity?

1 ii

2 iii

3 iv

4 vii

5 ix

6 x

7 xi

8 xii

9 xiii

10 xiv

11 xv

12 xvi

13 xvii

14 105

15 1

16 2

17 3

18 4

19 5

20 6

21 7

22 8

23 9

24 10

25 11

26 12

27 13

28 14

29 15

30 16

31 17

32 18

33 19

34 20

35 21

36 22

37 23

38 24

39 25

40 26

41 27

42 28

43 29

44 30

45 31

46 32

47 33

48 34

49 35

50 36

51 37

52 38

53 39

54 40

55 106

56 107

57 41

58 42

59 43

60 44

61 45

62 46

63 47

64 48

65 49

66 50

67 51

68 52

69 53

70 54

71 55

72 56

73 57

74 58

75 59

76 60

77 61

78 62

79 63

80 64

81 65

82 66

83 67

84 68

85 69

86 70

87 71

88 72

89 73

90 74

91 75

92 108

93 109

94 110

95 76

96 77

97 78

98 79

99 80

100 81

101 82

102 83

103 84

104 85

105 86

106 87

107 88

108 89

109 90

110 91

111 92

112 93

113 94

114 95

115 96

116 97

117 98

118 99

119 100

120 101

121 102

122 103

123 104

124 111

125 112

126 113

127 114

128 115

129 116

130 117

131 118

132 119

133 120

134 121

James Johnson

Susan Orr

polity

Copyright © James Johnson and Susan Orr 2020

The right of James Johnson and Susan Orr to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

First published in 2020 by Polity Press

Polity Press

65 Bridge Street

Cambridge CB2 1UR, UK

Polity Press

101 Station Landing

Suite 300

Medford, MA 02155, USA

All rights reserved. Except for the quotation of short passages for the purpose of criticism and review, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher.

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3815-7

ISBN-13: 978-1-5095-3816-4 (pb)

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Typeset in 11 on 15 Sabon by Fakenham Prepress Solutions, Norfolk NR21 8NL

Printed and bound in by CPI Group (UK) Ltd, Croydon

The publisher has used its best endeavours to ensure that the URLs for external websites referred to in this book are correct and active at the time of going to press. However, the publisher has no responsibility for the websites and can make no guarantee that a site will remain live or that the content is or will remain appropriate.

Every effort has been made to trace all copyright holders, but if any have been overlooked the publisher will be pleased to include any necessary credits in any subsequent reprint or edition.

For further information on Polity, visit our website: politybooks.com

This book is for Esme Lavinia Maureen Orr Johnson in the hope that she enjoys a democratic future and in memory of her beloved Nana, Maureen Carol Orr (1943–2020).

The future of democracy seems dire. Freedom House, an organization that assesses governments around the world, recently proclaimed “Democracy is in retreat.” 1They base this gloomy proclamation on persistent decline in expert assessments of the functioning of democratic institutions and the extent of democratic freedoms across both “new” democracies, such as Hungary and Venezuela, and “consolidated” democracies, such as the United States and United Kingdom. The Freedom House assessment parallels the appraisals of democratic citizens. A “mega-study” of public opinion on democracy that combines more than four million observations from 3,500 country surveys documented a 25-year high of 58 percent of respondents expressing dissatisfaction with democracy in 2020. 2The rise of right-wing populism in Hungary, Poland, Brazil, and India, the Brexit campaign, and the election of Donald Trump further serve to heighten concerns about democratic governance. These political events and trends have prompted academic assessments with alarming titles such as How Democracies Die (Levitsky and Ziblatt 2018), Crises of Democracy (Przeworski 2019), and How Democracy Ends (Runciman 2018).