Russian Active Measures

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The contributions gathered in this fascinating collection, in which scholars from a diverse range of disciplines share their perspectives on Russian covert activities known as Russian active measures, help readers observe the profound influence of Russian covert action on foreign states’ policies, cultures, people’s mentality, and social institutions, past and present. Disinformation, forgeries, major show trials, cooptation of Western academia, memory, and cyber wars, and changes in national and regional security doctrines of states targeted by Russia constitute an incomplete list of topics discussed in this volume. Most importantly, through a nexus of perspectives and through the prism of new documents discovered in the former KGB archives, the texts highlight the enormous scale and the legacies of Soviet/Russian covert action.
Because of Russia’s annexation of Crimea in 2014 and its on-going war in Ukraine’s Donbas, Ukraine lately gained international recognition as the epicenter of Russian disinformation campaigns, invigorating popular and scholarly interest in conventional and non-conventional warfare.
The studies included in this collection illuminate the objectives and implications of Russia’s attempts to ideologically subvert Ukraine as well as other nations. Examining them through historical lenses reveals a cultural clash between Russia and the West in general.

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Today, the world cannot complain that there is a lack of information. On the contrary, an ordinary consumer is crushed by information from all sides. Richard Stengel reminded us that the U.S. Library of Congress alone has 39 million books. 33Yet, Russian information warfare seems to have limited people’s choices of sources, persuading many that Russia has a monopoly on truth. Peter Pomerantsev has aptly noted that “[m]ore information was supposed to mean a more informed debate, but we seem less capable of deliberation than ever. More information was supposed to mean mutual understanding across borders, but it has also made possible new and more subtle forms of conflict and subversion.” 34Mutual understanding across borders, the future without conflict, and cooperation among civilizations might be possible only if international order and peace are maintained. The problem with the latter, as well as international law and order that has been consistently violated by the Russian Federation since 2014, seems to rest in cultural differences between world civilizations and their leaders’ cultural understandings of order. Huntington was convinced that in the future “the world will be ordered on the basis of civilization or not at all.” 35Those civilizations that are culturally close will come together, and those who are drastically different will come apart.

We are living in a time when this process has been accelerated, and Russia is a key player in that process. The Russian secret biochemical weapons program and laboratories function at full capacity, Novichok is being produced and used, the territories of foreign states are annexed, passenger liners are shot down by Russian BUKs, the “Kremlin’s assassination program” 36is active and has new young trainees (employees of the GRU), American students and scholars are coopted and recruited through FSB front organizations, and history is being rewritten because of Putin, for Putin, and by Putin himself. Bezmenov, who in 1984 expressed serious concerns about Russian subversive activities that, from his point of view, had been quite successful in North America, did not have an opportunity to observe the extent of Russian active measures after 2014, having died under mysterious circumstances in Canada in 1993 at the age of 54. A quarter of a century later, the veteran of Russian intelligence Oleg Kalugin was similarly concerned, stating that “current developments in Russia are highly disturbing,” referencing Zbigniew Brzezinski who foresaw the emergence of a new form of fascist nationalism in Russia. 37This volume is designed to raise public awareness of these trends and Russian active measures that beyond ideological motivations also have financial ones. As Kalugin has suggested, “the KGB was an organization. There are no organizations in Russia now, just organized crime.” 38The authors in this volume consider a discussion about Russian overt and covert operations of ideological subversion timely and necessary, as thorough analyses of the current developments in Russia and agnotological inquiries produce concerns, and thus solutions. 39

While this book answers many questions about Russian active measures, it also provokes new questions. Can we all learn the skills of diagnostics or does only naturally acquired cultural knowledge help recognize subversion imposed on us? Can we map a false narrative? Can we distinguish between reality and falsehoods? Will Russia discontinue active measures, and when and where will Putin stop? Theodor Adorno once compared Nazi Germany, engaged in mass killings, with a serial killer who could not stop unless he was stopped. 40By analogy, the Russian economist, senior fellow at the CATO Institute, and former economic policy adviser to Putin Andrei Illarionov has emphasized the danger of Putin and the regime he established in Russia. Over the last decade, one can observe that the Russian Government led by Putin has become authoritarian at home with clear features of fascist ideology, as some scholars have argued, and more aggressive and destabilizing in its foreign policy. 41Illarionov has offered several suggestions about how the international community can stop Putin and his hybrid war against Russia’s neighboring states and the West. 42The initial stage includes the process of learning and understanding Russian culture and civilization.

By the time you finish reading this book, you will be able to answer some of the aforementioned questions. However, you will certainly have questions of your own. Indeed, much more should be done. Research should be continued, the former KGB archives should be mined, and studies have to be published to identify and analyze the blind spot of Russian active measures. Thus far, there are no signs of Putinism receding into the past, and hence the history of Russian active measures will be expanded. Their geography will be broadened, their tools will be perfected, and their technological support will be advanced. The world might radically change in the nearest future because of cataclysmic events, similar to COVID-19. What likely will stay permanent is Russian narratives used by “subverters.” And Russia’s battle to promote them will continue.

Bibliography

Adorno, Theodor W. “Messages in a Bottle.” In Mapping Ideology , edited by Slavoj Žižek , 34–45. London, U.K.: Verso, 2012 .

Bertelsen, Olga. “A Trial in Absentia : Purifying National Historical Narratives in Russia.” Kyiv-Mohyla Humanities Journal , no. 3 (2016): 57–87.

Blake, Heidi. From Russia with Blood: The Kremlin’s Ruthless Assassination Program and Vladimir Putin’s Secret War on the West . New York: Mulholland Books, 2019.

“Czech Republic: Czech President Accuses Russia of Genocide in Chechnya,” IPR Strategic Business Information Database/Business Insights: Essentials . 29 February 2000. https://bi-gale-om.ezproxy.libproxy.db.erau.edu/essentials/article/GALE%7CA59648000?u=embry&sid=summon.

“‘Deception Was My Job’ or ‘Soviet Subversion of the Free World Press’ (complete interview of Yuri Bezmenov posted by Kevin Heine).” YouTube . 11 April 2013. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jFfrWKHB1Gc.

Evangelista, Matthew. The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union? Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press, 2002.

Felshtinsky, Yuri. “‘My name is Fedyashin, Anton Fedyashin.’ Who is Anton Fedyashin and What Was He Teaching Maria Butina?” Gordon . 21 September 2018. https://english.gordonua.com/news/exclusiveenglish/my-name-is-fedyashin-anton-fedyashin-who-is-anton-fedyashin-and-what-was-he-teaching-maria-butina-investigation-by-yuri-felshtinsky-342703.html.

Galtung, Johan. “Cultural Violence.” Journal of Peace Research 27, no. 3 (1990): 291–305.

_____. “Violence, Peace and Peace Research.” Journal of Peace Research 6, no. 3 (1969): 167–91.

“George F. Kennan on Organizing Political Warfare.” History and Public Policy Program Digital Archive. Wilson Center . 30 April 1948. https://digitalarchive.wilsoncenter.org/document/114320.pdf?v=941dc9ee5c6e51333ea9ebbbc9104e8c.

Gioe, David V., Richard Lovering, and Tyler Pachesny. “The Soviet Legacy of Russian Active Measures: New Vodka from Old Stills?” International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence 33, no. 3 (2020): 1–26.

Harris, Shane. @ Wars: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex . New York: An Eamon Dolan Book, 2014.

Hughes, James. “The Chechnya Conflict: Freedom Fighters or Terrorists?” Demokratizatsiya 15, no. 3 (2007): 293–311.

Huntington, Samuel P. The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order. London, U.K.: Simon & Schuster, 1997.

Kalugin, Oleg. Spymaster: My Thirty-two Years in Intelligence and Espionage Against the West . New York: Basic Books, 2009.

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