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_____. “We All Live in a Yellow Submarine: Life in a Leningrad Commune.” In Dropping Out of Socialism: Alternative Spheres in the Soviet Bloc , edited by Juliane Fürst and Josie McLellan, 197–207. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016.

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Interview with Stepan Ivanovich T., a retired KGB officer, 30 January 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine.

Interview with Stepan K., a retired SBU/KGB officer, 2 February 2019, Kyiv, Ukraine.

1Stepan Ivanovich referred to “active measures” that were defined by Vladimir Bukovsky as “[a]ctions of political warfare conducted by the Soviet and Russian security services (Cheka, OGPU, NKVD, KGB, FSB) ranging from media manipulation to outright violence.” See Vladimir Bukovsky, Judgment in Moscow: Soviet Crimes and Western Complicity , trans. Alyona Kojevnikov (Westlake Village, CA: Ninth of November Press, 2019), 629.

2I refer to the pioneering study by William Jay Risch, “Soviet ‘Flower Children’: Hippies and the Youth Counter-Culture in 1970s Lviv,” Journal of Contemporary History 40, no. 3 (2005): 565–84, and his book, The Ukrainian West: Culture and the Fate of Empire in Soviet Lviv (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011), esp. 237–44. Juliane Fürst is writing now a book about Soviet hippies. See her recent publications: “We All Live in a Yellow Submarine: Life in a Leningrad Commune,” in Dropping out of Socialism: The Creation of Alternative Spheres in the Soviet Bloc , eds. Juliane Fürst and Josie McLellan (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 197–207; and “If You’re Going to Moscow, Be Sure to Wear Some Flowers In Your Hair: The Soviet Hippie Sistema and Its Life In, Despite and With Stagnation,” in Reconsidering Stagnation in the Brezhnev Era , eds. Dina Fainberg and Artemy Kalinovsky (Lanham, MD: Lexington Books, 2016), 123–46. On some aspects of Soviet youth culture, see Gleb Tsipursky, Socialist Fun: Youth, Consumption, and State-Sponsored Popular Culture in the Soviet Union, 1945 – 1970 (Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2016) and Sergei I. Zhuk, Rock and Roll in the Rocket City: The West, Identity, and Ideology in Soviet Dniepropetrovsk, 1960 – 1985 (Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press & Washington, D.C.: Woodrow Wilson Center Press, 2010). For these publications, the authors (including myself) did not use KGB documents from the SBU Archive in Kyiv.

3According to Christopher Andrew, “throughout the Cold War, Soviet intelligence regarded the United States as its ‘main adversary.’ In second place at the beginning of the Cold War was the United States’ closest ally, the United Kingdom. In third position came France.” See in Christopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin, The Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 150.