David M. Carr - The Hebrew Bible

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Discover the historical and social context of one of the most influential works ever written with this authoritative new resource The newly revised second edition of
delivers a brief and up-to-date introduction to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament in the broader context of world history. Its treatment of the formation of the Bible amidst different historical periods allows readers to understand the biblical texts
. It also introduces readers to scholarly methods used to explore the formation of the Hebrew Bible and its later interpretation by Jews and Christians.
Written by a leading scholar in the field, this new edition incorporates the most recent research on the archaeology and history of early Israel, the formation of the Pentateuch, and the development of the historical and poetic books. Students will benefit from the inclusion of study questions in each chapter, focus texts from the Bible that illustrate major points, timelines, illustrations, photographs and a glossary to help them retain knowledge.
The book also includes:
A deepened and up-to-date focus on recent methods of biblical study, including trauma studies, African American, womanist, and ecocritical approaches to the Bible An orientation to multiple bibles, translations and digital resources for study of the Bible An exploration of the emergence of ancient Israel, its first oral traditions and its earliest writings Discussions of how major features of the Bible reflect communal experiences of trauma and resilience as Israel survived under successive empires of the Ancient Near East. Fuller treatment of the final formation of biblical books in early Judaism, including coverage of diverse early Jewish texts (e.g. Ben Sira, Enoch, Judith) that were revered as scripture before there were more clearly defined Jewish and Christian Bibles Designed for students of seminary courses and undergraduate students taking an introduction to the Hebrew Bible/Old Testament, this second edition of
also will interest general readers with interest in the formation of the Bible.

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One‐volume commentaries

1 Mays, James L., ed. HarperCollin’s Bible Commentary (revised edition). San Francisco: Harper & Row, 2000.

2 Newsom, Carol A., and Ringe, Sharon H., The Women’s Bible Commentary (3rd edition). Louisville, KY: Westminster John Knox Press, 2012.

Technological Resources

Bible Software: Accordance Bible Software. It is recommended that you purchase the NRSV, NJB, or another up‐to‐date translation. As of the writing of this introduction, you are given the King James Version (outdated for academic study of the Bible) as part of the initial package.

Useful websites for translation comparison

The Bible Gateway (mostly Christian translations) – www.biblegateway.com

Bible Study Tools (mostly Christian translations) – https://www.biblestudytools.com/compare‐translations

Sefaria (access to the New Jewish Publication Society/NJPS version and other Jewish texts) – www.sefaria.org

APPENDIX 1: TRANSLATION AND PARAPHRASE COMPARISON OF ISA 52:13–15

ISA Chapter and Verse Revised Standard Version New American Standard Version New International Version Today’s English Version (Good News Bible)
52:13 Behold my servant shall prosper, he shall be exalted and lifted up, and shall be very high. Behold my servant will prosper, He will be high and lifted up, and greatly exalted. See, my servant will act wisely; he will be raised and lifted up and highly exalted. The Lord says, My servant will succeed in his task; he will be highly honored.
52:14 As many were astonished at him – his appearance was so marred, beyond human semblance, and his form beyond that of the sons of men – Just as many were astonished at you, My People , so His appearance was marred more than any man, And his form more than the sons of men. Just as there were many who were appalled at him – his appearance was so disfigured beyond that of any man and his form marred beyond human likeness – Many people were shocked when they saw him; he was so disfigured that he hardly looked human.
52:15 so shall he startle many nations; kings shall shut their mouths because of him; for that which has not been told them they shall see, and that which they have not heard they shall understand. Thus he will sprinkle many nations, Kings will shut their mouths on account of Him; For what had not been told them they will see, And what they had not heard they will understand. so will he sprinkle many nations, and kings will shut their mouths because of him. For what they were not told, they will see, and what they have not heard, they will understand. But now many nations will marvel at him, and kings will be speechless with amazement. They will see and understand something they had never known.
52:13 Behold, my servant shall prosper, he shall be lifted up, exalted to the heights. See, my Servant shall prosper; he shall be highly exalted. Indeed, My servant shall prosper, be exalted and raised to great heights. Look, my servant will prosper, will grow great, will rise to great heights.
52:14 Time was when many were aghast at you, my people; Yet many shall be amazed when they see him – yes, even far‐off foreign nations and their kings; [See the end of 52:15 for the rest] Just as the many were appalled at him – So marred was his appearance, unlike that of man, His form, beyond human semblance – As many people were aghast at him – he was so inhumanly disfigured that he no longer looked like a man –
52:15 … so now many nations recoil at the sight of him, and kings curl their lips in disgust. For they see what they had never been told and things unheard before fill their thoughts. … they shall stand dumbfounded, speechless in his presence. For they shall see and understand what they had not been told before. They shall see my Servant beaten and bloodied, so disfigured one would scarcely know it was a person standing there. So shall he cleanse many nations. Just so he shall startle many nations. Kings shall be silenced because of him, For they shall see what has not been told them, Shall behold what they never have heard. so many nations will be astonished and kings will stay tightlipped before him, seeing what had never been told them, learning what they had not heard before.

APPENDIX 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF SELECT ENGLISH TRANSLATIONS OF THE BIBLE

Translation Background Style Use of MT (Masoretic text, with translation of Isa 7:14 as indicator of theological leanings) Gender language
NJPS (1985) Jewish Publication Society Formal correspondence, colloquial No deviation from MT and uses Jewish chapter/verse numbering Aims at “gender accuracy” (Note: 2006 JPS Contemporary Torah with more changes)
NRSV (1989) Protestant, National Council of Churches Formal correspondence, literary Some deviation from MT in light of Dead Sea Scrolls and LXX Modest move toward inclusive language
NIV (1978) Protestant Evangelical, International Bible Society Formal correspondence, literary Very modest deviation from MT, mostly in notes. Modifies Hebrew of Isa 7:14 to match Matthew
Today’s NIV (TNIV) (2005) Protestant Evangelical, International Bible Society Formal correspondence, literary Very modest deviation from MT, mostly in notes. Modifies Hebrew of Isa 7:14 to match Matthew Modest move toward “gender‐accurate” language
NASB (1971) Protestant Evangelical, Lockman Foundation Formal correspondence, quite literal and often awkward Little revision of MT. Modifies Hebrew of Isa 7:14 to match Matthew
GNT (formerly TEV) (1992) Protestant, American Bible Society (particularly for missionaries) Dynamic equivalence, colloquial and simple vocabulary Little deviation from MT Includes revisions toward gender‐inclusive language
CEV (1999) Protestant, American Bible Society Dynamic equivalence, colloquial, yet more simple vocabulary and syntax Little deviation from MT. Modifies Hebrew of Isa 7:14 to match Matthew Moves toward gender‐inclusive language for humans
REB (1989), revision of NEB (1970) British Protestant and Roman Catholic churches Dynamic equivalence, literary Substantial deviations from MT Moves in 1989 revision toward gender‐inclusive language
NJB (1985) European Roman Catholic Dynamic equivalence, but literary Some substantial deviations from the MT Very modest moves toward gender‐inclusive language
NAB (1991) United States Roman Catholic Mix of dynamic equivalence and formal correspondence (the latter especially in NT) Some substantial deviations from the MT. Modifies Hebrew of Isa 7:14 to match Matthew Modest moves toward gender‐inclusive language in NT and Psalms

1 Studying the Bible in its Ancient Context(s)

1 Chapter Overview

2 Academic Study of the Bible

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