The Explosion of Life Forms

2 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. Contractile proteins (in red) flex the microtubules (9+2) in the cil...Figure 3.2. Action sector of the ventral BMP4 gene. Insects on the left; vertebr...Figure 3.3. A centipede (myriapod) and a velvet worm (onychophora) Figure 3.4. Rear propulsion of tetrapods.1: thrust on the ground; 2: its reactio...Figure 3.5. The transition to an aerial life goes hand in hand with a consolidat...Figure 3.6. h: transverse humerus of the first tetrapods; 1 and 2: muscles balan...Figure 3.7. Transformation of the hyobranchial apparatus. 1: aquatic respiration...

3 Chapter 4Figure 4.1. Experimental creation of analogous forms in On Growth and Form. a) B...Figure 4.2. Illustration of “Julius Wolff’s Law” (1892), always in the spotlight...Figure 4.3. Bird pelvic passage analysis in On Growth and Form

4 Chapter 5Figure 5.1. Evolution of a landscape. Here are four visual representations of th...Figure 5.2. Molecular forms under the landscape. (a) The underside of the epigen...

5 Chapter 6Figure 6.1. Myxococcus xanthus lifecycle (source: Paz-y-Miño-C and Espinosa 2018...Figure 6.2. Transfer of an outer membrane (OM) motility protein from a donor to ...Figure 6.3. Phylogeny based on ssrRNA sequences of Entamoeba clones. The placeme...Figure 6.4. Clone-aggregation preference in mixed cultures of E. histolytica HM-...Figure 6.5. Bacterial multicell-aggregations (source: Paz-y-Miño-C and Espinosa ...Figure 6.6. Dictyostelium lifecycle (source: Paz-y-Miño-C and Espinosa 2018) Figure 6.7. Close-up of the social cycle in Dictyostelium, note the tip epitheli...Figure 6.8. Simulations of equilibrial frequency of cheater cells undergoing clo...

6 Chapter 7Figure 7.1. Form of the gynoecium of the love-in-a-mist flower (Nigella damascen...Figure 7.2. Phyllotaxis of the reproductive organs of some flowering plants at d...Figure 7.3. Diversity of floral forms in angiosperms. Some examples of perianths...Figure 7.4. Diversity of fruits illustrated by some samples kept in the herbariu...

7 Chapter 8Figure 8.1. Mammalian memory organization. The brain structures mentioned are co...

8 Chapter 11Figure 11.1. Our isomorphic epistemic framework for design engineering and the i...

9 Chapter 12Figure 12.1. Schematic presentation of the mosaic complexity model. Units (A) ar...Figure 12.2. Development of the brain in the vertebrate embryo. The vesicle (A) ...

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents

3 Title Page SCIENCES Biology , Field Director – Marie-Christine Maurel Xenobiology, Exobiology, Astrobiology, Origins of Life , Subject Heads – Marie-Christine Maurel and Marc Ollivier

4 Copyright First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2020 The rights of Georges Chapouthier and Marie-Christine Maurel to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2020937596 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78945-005-7 ERC code: LS8 Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Biology LS8_6 Phylogenetics, systematics, comparative biology LS8_7 Macroevolution, paleobiology

5 Introduction

6 Begin Reading

7 List of Authors

8 Index

9 End User License Agreement

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SCIENCES

Biology , Field Director – Marie-Christine Maurel

Xenobiology, Exobiology, Astrobiology, Origins of Life , Subject Heads – Marie-Christine Maurel and Marc Ollivier

Coordinated by

Georges Chapouthier

Marie-Christine Maurel

First published 2020 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.