Mankind and Deserts 3

4 Chapter 3Figure 3.1. The Arid Diagonal within the ancient world Figure 3.2. Area covered by the desert and area where Islam spread and was estab...Figure 3.3. Transhumance in the mountains of Afghanistan Figure 3.4. Transhumance in the Saharan Atlas Figure 3.5. Pastoralism over small distances. The area traveled by the Ouled Sid...Figure 3.6. Nomad territories in Syria. Spaces where transhumance is practiced o...Figure 3.7. Nomad territories in the Malian Sahel, in South Gourma, in the loop ...Figure 3.8. Nomad territories in southern Tunisia. The territories have been div...Figure 3.9. Tribal borders and political frontiers. Territories of the four larg...Figure 3.10. Traditional water-lifting systems: Archimedes screw, shaduf, noria ...Figure 3.11. The foggara technique. Technique for underwater drainage of a water...Figure 3.12. An example of the Saharan hydraulic systems. Gourara, Touat, Tidike...Figure 3.13. An example of a Saharan hydraulic system: the oases in southern Mor...Figure 3.14. Hydraulic systems in the Arid Diagonal. Hydraulic civilizations wer...Figure 3.15. The hydraulic system in Mesopotamia. These plains owe their rich so...Figure 3.16. The hydraulic system of the Indus Valley. “Today, the developed Ind...Figure 3.17. Some fundamental limits in the deserts of Arid Diagonal. Limits of ...Figure 3.18. State infrastructure and individual land-use. Perimeter of the agri...Figure 3.19. Saharan architecture. Some examples of a ksour, large compact burgs...Figure 3.20. The Silk Route, a route that connected countries from the Levant to...Figure 3.21. The Gold Routes. The caravan trails between the northern and southe...Figure 3.22. A desert city, an Islamic city, Timbuktu. A traditional African cit...Figure 3.23. Supplying water in the desert. A belt of seawater desalination unit...

1 Chapter 1Table 1.1. Computation of the transport coefficients based on the original table...

1 Cover

2 Table of Contents Table of Contents 1 Cover 2 Title Page Series Editor Françoise Gaill 3 Copyright Series Editor Françoise Gaill 4 Foreword Series Editor Françoise Gaill 5 Introduction: Aeolian Dynamics and Processes I.1 Conditions and environments in which wind acts I.2 Aeolian processes I.3 References 6 1 Aeolian Landforms in Deserts 1.1. Forms and surface states 1.2. Ablation forms 1.3. Accumulation formations 1.4. Aeolian systems 1.5 Ergs, the most complex aeolian systems 1.6 Conclusion: a new paradigm to explain the organization and orientation of active dunes 1.7. Martian dunes, still mobile… 1.8. References 7 2 Humans and Winds in Deserts 2.1 Traditional societies and the wind 2.2. The battle against sand encroachment, or the Barrel of the Danaids: the Zouerate railroads (Mauritania) 2.3 The Dust Bowl, the first ecological disaster of the 20th century in a developed country 2.4. The western Algerian Green Barrier, or an error in management 2.5. References 8 3 Living in Deserts 3.1. Humans and the desert 3.2. Bedouin civilizations 3.3. Hydraulic civilization 3.4. A salt civilization? 3.5. Urban civilizations in the desert 3.6. Conclusion 3.7. References 9 List of Authors 10 Index 11 End User License Agreement

3 Title Page Series Editor Françoise Gaill

4 Copyright First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Fernand Joly and Guilhem Bourrié to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021930490 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-632-6

5 Foreword

6 Introduction: Aeolian Dynamics and Processes

7 Begin Reading

8 List of Authors

9 Index

10 End User License Agreement

1 v Table of Contents 1 Cover 2 Title Page Series Editor Françoise Gaill 3 Copyright Series Editor Françoise Gaill 4 Foreword Series Editor Françoise Gaill 5 Introduction: Aeolian Dynamics and Processes I.1 Conditions and environments in which wind acts I.2 Aeolian processes I.3 References 6 1 Aeolian Landforms in Deserts 1.1. Forms and surface states 1.2. Ablation forms 1.3. Accumulation formations 1.4. Aeolian systems 1.5 Ergs, the most complex aeolian systems 1.6 Conclusion: a new paradigm to explain the organization and orientation of active dunes 1.7. Martian dunes, still mobile… 1.8. References 7 2 Humans and Winds in Deserts 2.1 Traditional societies and the wind 2.2. The battle against sand encroachment, or the Barrel of the Danaids: the Zouerate railroads (Mauritania) 2.3 The Dust Bowl, the first ecological disaster of the 20th century in a developed country 2.4. The western Algerian Green Barrier, or an error in management 2.5. References 8 3 Living in Deserts 3.1. Humans and the desert 3.2. Bedouin civilizations 3.3. Hydraulic civilization 3.4. A salt civilization? 3.5. Urban civilizations in the desert 3.6. Conclusion 3.7. References 9 List of Authors 10 Index 11 End User License Agreement

2 iii Series Editor Françoise Gaill

3 iv First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address: ISTE Ltd 27-37 St George’s Road London SW19 4EU UK www.iste.co.uk John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 111 River Street Hoboken, NJ 07030 USA www.wiley.com © ISTE Ltd 2021 The rights of Fernand Joly and Guilhem Bourrié to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. Library of Congress Control Number: 2021930490 British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-78630-632-6

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