Pawan Dhingra - Asian America

This chapter provided an overview of the key analytic tools that we will use to approach an understanding of Asian Americans with a focus on race while also attending to the ways that race intersects with ethnicity, gender, and sexuality. Drawing from sociological theories of “social construction,” this chapter outlined the ways that the ideas of race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality are in fact social constructions. Though these ideas have biological referents, that is, they draw from differences that can be discerned in the human body, these ideas are nevertheless “constructed.” The meanings assigned to racial, ethnic, gendered, and sexual differences are generally arbitrary and buttressed within systems of power and domination rooted in white supremacy, US imperialism, patriarchy, and heteronormativity. In illustrating the ways that race, gender, and sexuality are socially constructed, we have drawn attention to stereotypes and types of discrimination. We also have noted the prevailing ideologies around race that allow racism to go unchecked. We have highlighted various stereotypes to illustrate how race, ethnicity, gender, and sexuality intersect in categorizing Asian Americans. Specifically, we examine how these stereotypes and prevailing ideologies manifest in particular kinds of inequalities for Asian Americans in the areas of immigration law, hate crimes, and racial profiling. How are these concepts experienced at the institutional and individual levels for Asian Americans, with what implications for understanding the United States and globalization? The rest of the book explains this, starting with historical conditions.

What does it mean for something to be “socially constructed”? How are race, gender, and sexuality socially constructed? If you are working in groups, each group can address one of these socially constructed categories. Groups can brainstorm and analyze other social constructions, too.

1 1. It should be noted, however, that though “Latinx” or “Hispanic” may be used by people on a daily basis in categorizing others, the United States Census does not actually define “Latinx” as a racial group. “Hispanic” is used in the Census, but refers to ethnicity and not race. Those who are categorised as “Hispanic” in the US Census must still specify to which racial group they belong: white, black, or Asian.

2 2. For more information on this, see http://www.pbs.org/race/000_About/002_04-background-01-x.htm

3 3. http://www.sentencingproject.org/doc/publications/rd_stateratesofincbyraceandethnicity.pdf

4 4. https://time.com/5806657/donald-trump-coronavirus-war-china/

5 5. https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-doesnt-deny-calling-african-countries-shitholes-2018-4

6 6. See also http://www.amnestyusa.org/pdfs/rp_report.pdf

7 7. http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/02/AR2006060201060.html

8 8. Because the internment has left a stain on racial profiling in the name of national security, some in support of profiling Arab Americans have made the specious argument that Japanese-American internment was justified (Malkin 2004).

9 9. http://www.stopoperationmethmerchant.org/blog/2005/12/introducing-operation-meth-merchant.html

10 10. SAALT webinar on racial profiling, 11/19/09.

11 11. http://saalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SAALT-Testimony-to-House-Subcommittee-on-Constitution-Civil-Rights-and-Civil-Liberties-on-Profiling-and-the-South-Asian-Community-June-2010.pdf

12 12. http://saalt.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/09/SAALT-Testimony-to-House-Subcommittee-on-Constitution-Civil-Rights-and-Civil-Liberties-on-Profiling-and-the-South-Asian-Community-June-2010.pdf, p. 12.

13 13. http://www.jacl.org/edu/What%20It%20Means%20To%20Be%20An%20American.pdf

14 14. https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/08/science/new-york-coronavirus-cases-europe-genomes.html

15 15. https://thehill.com/changing-america/respect/equality/490373-attacks-on-asian-americans-at-about-100-per-day-due-to

16 16. https://www.wsj.com/articles/new-yorks-chinatown-businesses-struggle-to-survive-coronavirus-shutdown-11588856400

17 17. http://www.asianam.org/hate_crimes_2005-2008.htm

18 18. http://www.sacbee.com/2007/07/13/270787/beating-death-symbolic-of-local.html

19 19. http://www.advancingequality.org/files/2002_Audit.pdf

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