Stuart Elden - The Early Foucault

59 59. BNF NAF28803 (1), ‘La constitution d’un transcendantal dans la Phénoménologie de l’esprit de Hegel (1949)’. The typed copies are in folder 1 and folder 4, and fragments of Foucault’s manuscript in folder 2. Folder 1 also includes Annexes, including a summary of its argument, the sources of the quotations, a bibliography, and a plan. Folders 2 and 3 include some handwritten preparatory notes relating to this thesis. Subsequent references are to the version in folder 4, supplemented by the outlines. There are reading notes in other places, notably in BNF NAF28730 (33a). On the thesis, see Pierre Macherey, ‘Foucault serait-il sorti de Hegel?’ and Jean-Baptiste Vuillerod, ‘Hegel et ses ombres: Alexandre Kojève et l’anti-hégélianisme français des années 1960’, Les Temps modernes, 695, 2017, 91–114.

60 60.‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 13.

61 61. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 13.

62 62. For a schematic outline, see BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, 2 versions du Plan.

63 63. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 19–21.

64 64. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 44–5; BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 2.

65 65. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 46.

66 66. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 69–70.

67 67. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 2; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 53, 71.

68 68. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 54 which outlines the three chapters of the second part in terms of a regressive step, a strictly transcendental analysis, and a progressive descent [redescente]; 66–7 where they are empirical progression and transcendental regression; and 68, 139–40.

69 69. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 1.

70 70. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 2.

71 71. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 3.

72 72. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 3.

73 73. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 72.

74 74. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 88–9.

75 75. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 89.

76 76. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 99; referencing Hegels Sämtliche Werke, ed. Georg Lasson and Johannes Hoffmeister, Leipzig: F. Meiner, 21 vols, 1905–1944, vol. VII, 433; System of Ethical Life (1802/3), ed. and trans. H. S. Harris and T. M. Knox, Albany: State University of New York Press, 1979, 114. The German edition has been superseded.

77 77. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 2, 2.

78 78. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 113.

79 79. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 122.

80 80. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 131.

81 81. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 1; Plan 2, 1.

82 82. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 11.

83 83. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 5.

84 84. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 150.

85 85. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 5; see ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 147, 150–51, 155.

86 86. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 1, subfolder 3, Plan 1, 6.

87 87. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 159–67.

88 88. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion, 11 pp, unpaginated.

89 89. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [4].

90 90. See Terry Pinkard, Hegel: A Biography, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000, 228–9.

91 91. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [1].

92 92. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [11].

93 93. ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, Conclusion [11]. Foucault suggests the Ideas tries ‘to dispel [dissiper] the sphere of philosophical reflection as an independent region’, but Hegel stresses the ‘legitimacy of this level of thought in Absolute Knowledge’.

94 94. For The Phenomenology of Spirit, I have consulted translations by A. V. Miller, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977; and Terry Pinkard, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2018. However, I have generally translated Hyppolite’s translation, rather than used these, since this makes it closer to Foucault’s terminology.

95 95. G. W. F. Hegel, The Difference between Fichte’s and Schelling’s System of Philosophy, trans. H. S. Harris and Walter Cerf, Albany: SUNY Press, 1977; Early Theological Writings, trans. T. M. Knox and Richard Kroner, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971 [1948].

96 96. See the ‘Avertissement’, ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’.

97 97. Hyppolite, Genèse et structure; Wahl, ‘Hegel et Kierkegaard’, Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger 112, 1931, 321–80.

98 98. Georg Lukács, Der junge Hegel: Über die Beziehungen von Dialektik und Ökonomie, Zurich, 1948; The Young Hegel: Studies in the Relation between Dialectics and Economics, trans. Rodney Livingstone, London: Merlin, 1975; Karl Löwith, ‘L’Achèvement de la philosophie classique par Hegel et sa dissolution chez Marx et Kierkegaard’, Recherches philosophiques IV, 1934–5, 232–67; Benedetto Croce, Ce qui est vivant et ce qui est mort de la philosophie de Hegel: Étude Critique suivie d’un essai de bibliographie hégélienne, trans. Henri Buriot, Paris: V. Giard and E. Brière, 1910.

99 99. Eugen Fink, ‘Die phänomenologische philosophie Husserls in der gegenwärtigen Kritik: Mit einem Vorwort von Edmund Husserl’, Kantstudien 38 (1–2), 1933, 319–83; Emmanuel Lévinas, ‘Sur les “Ideen” de M. E. Husserl’, Revue philosophique de la France et de l’étranger, 107, 1929, 230–65; Sartre, ‘La Transcendance de l’ego’, Recherches philosophiques, VI, 1936–7, 85–123; The Transcendence of the Ego: A Sketch for a Phenomenological Description, trans. Andrew Brown, London: Routledge, 2005.

100 100. Defert, OE I, xxxviii. Foucault turned 23 on 15 October.

101 101. BNF NAF28803 (1), folder 3 contains notes that mention Heidegger and Kierkegaard on angst. In the thesis, Foucault suggests language and the concept have an ‘être-là’, but this is in relation to Hegel’s use of Dasein as an alternative to Existenz, following Hyppolite’s translation and does not seem to have an Heideggerian (or Sartrean) inflection. See, for example, ‘La Constitution d’un transcendantal’, 94–5, 142.

102 102. Daniel Lagache, Œuvres, ed. Eva Rosenblum, Paris: PUF, 4 vols, 1977–82; The Works of Daniel Lagache, trans. Elizabeth Holder, London: Karnac, 1993.

103 103. Jacques Lacan, Écrits, Paris: Seuil, 1966, 602, 647–84; Écrits: The First Complete Edition in English, trans. Bruce Fink, New York: W.W. Norton, 2006 (the English has the French pagination in the margins).

104 104. Alain Berthoz, ‘Hommage à Julian de Ajuriaguerra’, 1994, http://www.college-de-france.fr/site/julian-de-ajuriaguerra/Hommage.htm

105 105. Georges Politzer, Critique des fondements de la psychologie I: La Psychologie et la psychanalyse, Paris: Rieder, 1928; trans. Maurice Apprey, Critique of the Foundations of Psychology: The Psychology of Psychoanalysis, Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1994.

106 106. Eribon, Michel Foucault, 58/30; Macey, The Lives of Michel Foucault, 66.

107 107. See Henri Lefebvre, ‘Georges Politzer’, La Pensée, October–December 1944, 7–10. On this group, see Michel Trebitsch, ‘Les Mesaventures du groupe Philosophies, 1924–1933’, La Revue des revues, 3, 1987, 6–9; ‘Le Groupe Philosophies et les surréalistes (1924–1925)’, Melusine: Cahiers du centre de recherches sur le surréalisme, XI, 1990, 63–75; and Bud Burkhard, French Marxism Between the Wars: Henri Lefebvre and the ‘Philosophies’, Atlantic Highlands, NJ: Humanity Books, 2000.